86 SKIN PROTECTION OH HO HO H3 C O OH O HO HO OH OH O Figure 8: Citroflavonoids present in Biolime.
is harmful for skin cells. At 1%, the lime extract fights against 100% of DNA damage, compared to control. ATP is the main cells’ energy source. It is involved in many metabolic, enzymatic and regulatory pathways. The amount of ATP can be determined during the oxidation reaction of luciferin. ATP is consumed when luciferase catalyses the oxidation of luciferin (reaction below).
luciferaseATP + D-luciferin + O2
Luciferase
oxyluciferin + AMP + PPi + CO2
polyphenols can act on different ways to protect mitochondria. First, referred to extra mitochondrial antiradical scavenging mechanism.8
regulation of the mitochondria respiratory chain protection.8
Then, reported through Our results suggest
similar mechanisms involved in the lime extract’s protection against urban pollution, represented by Urban Dust. Other mechanisms are now recognised
+ light
During this reaction, the quantity of light emitted is proportional to the amount of ATP present in the reaction medium, when it is the limiting reagent. NHEK cells have been treated for 3 h with the lime extract at 1% in the absence or presence of 100 μg / mL of Urban Dust. The cells are lysed with 60 µL of DMSO, incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature with stirring. Then, 30 μL of the different lysates are transferred into a white 96-well plate. 100 µL per well of ‘ATP Assay Mix dilution’ buffer are added and the plate is stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. The assay is performed on 100,000 cells / mL. 30 µL of ATP Assay Mix reagent diluted 1:5 are added to each well. Luminescence is measured using the Synergy HT Plate Reader (BioTek instrument) within 10 seconds after addition of the reagent. The concentration of intracellular ATP obtained is determined using an ATP range curve. Urban Dust decreases ATP production on cells, decreasing energy and all associated metabolisms. At 1% the lime extract stimulates ATP production by 30%.
Polyphenols – the key to the activity?
The lime extract is rich in citroflavonoids (hesperidin and luteolin) (Fig 8). These citrus
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in literature as citropolyphenols capable of modulating pathways like mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial electron transport chain and intra-mitochondrial oxidative status.8
Additional activities can be associated to those polyphenols. Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid able to decrease capillaries permeability and increase their resistance. This action includes vitamin C also present in citrus extracts. Flavones, including luteolin, and their derivatives are flavonoids well-known as antioxidants, free-radical scavengers and soothing agents (inhibition of IL-6 to fight against acute inflammation).
Conclusion Finally, extracted from organic lime co- product via Biolie’s exclusive extraction process, Biolime fights actively against pollution. Tested with Urban Dust,
Table 2: Characteristics INCI
Origin Aspect
Solubility Dose pH
Validation
Water and Propanediol and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) fruit extract
France
Brown liquid Hydrophilic 0.5% - 3% 3 - 6
COSMOS certified, China compliant
representative of whole urban pollution, Biolime protects DNA and boosts ATP production to help cells behave normally under environmental stress.
OH O O O O OCH3 HO O OH OH
PC
References 1 Usach I, Taléns-Visconti R, Magraner-Pardo L,
Peris JE. Hesperetin induces melanin production in adult human epidermal melanocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015; 80:80- 84.
2 Kim DB, Shin GH, Kim JM, Kim YH, Lee JH, Lee JS, Song HJ, Choe SY, Park IJ, Cho JH, Lee OH. Antioxidant and anti-ageing activities of citrus-based juice mixture. Food Chem. 2016;194:920-7.
3 Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Zarpelon AC, et al. The citrus flavonone naringenin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain and leukocyte recruitment by inhibiting NF-κB activation. J Nutr Biochem. 2016; 33:8-14.
4 Menichini F, Loizzo MR, Bonesi M, et al. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and hypoglycemic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts from Citrus medica L. cv Diamante flowers, leaves and fruits at two maturity stages. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49(7):1549-55.
5 Feichtinger RG, Sperl W, Bauer JW, Kofler B. Mitochondrial dysfunction: a neglected component of skin diseases. Exp Dermatol. 2014; 23(9):607-14.
6 Zhang J, Liu J, Ren L, et al. PM2.5 induces male reproductive toxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and RIPK1 mediated apoptotic signaling pathway. Sci Total Environ. 2018; 634:1435-1444.
7 Leclercq B, Kluza J, Antherieu S, et al. Air pollution-derived PM2.5 impairs mitochondrial function in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells. Environ Pollut. 2018; 243(Pt B):1434-1449.
8 Sandoval-Acuña C, Ferreira J, Speisky H. Polyphenols and mitochondria: an update on their increasingly emerging ROS-scavenging independent actions. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2014;559:75-90.
April 2019
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