118 ANTI-AGEING
Figure 1: Results of DSM-Firmenich survey on 967 respondents within 4 countries US, UK, BR and CN
eliminating senescent cells in their test models was possible after age-related health decline had begun and that in this way, living research models were restored to a more youthful state. These amazing results in living subjects highlight the potential of using senolytics to treat the signs of and even reverse ageing.3
Senescent zombie cells damage tissue Senescent cells produce high levels of reactive oxygen species, which impair cells and tissues. They also secrete a complex mix of damaging bioactive factors that are part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). For example, the SASP contains pro-
inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin 1 (IL1) and interleukin 6 (IL6)), chemokines, growth factors, proteases (e.g., MMP1 and MMP3), and other substances. The various components of the SASP stimulate inflammation through immune cell proliferation and migration. They can also modulate, suppress, or help zombie cells evade the body’s defensive
immune system and so resist natural removal processes. These SASPs weaken and damage surrounding cells, but more importantly, they can begin a snowball effect, causing the surrounding cells to also become senescent and thus produce yet more SASPs.
Key markers of senescence The irr]eversible arrest of the cell cycle that defines senescence is controlled by complex pathways that suppress proliferation- associated genes. Two key regulatory proteins involved in the pathways stopping cell division are p16 (CDKN2A) and p21 (CDKN1A). Given their roles in inducing cell cycle arrest, p16 and p21 serve as useful biomarkers for senescence. Additionally, the absence of Ki-67, a protein involved in cell division, provides another senescence marker. The combined presence of p16 and p21 and the lack of Ki-67 are used as definitive indicators of senescent cells. Senescence- associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) is a marker of senescent cells that can distinguish between senescent cells and healthy non-
p16 and p21
Senescent cells
Sagging skin SASPs
Wrinkles
Figure 2: p16 and p21, key markers of senescence Normal fibroblasts
Senescent fibroblasts
SASP Senescent keratinocyte
Figure 3: The mode of action of Epilobium Fleischeri dry extract PERSONAL CARE April 2024
www.personalcaremagazine.com
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