120 SKIN PROTECTION
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
**
*
Control RS HA RS +HA
Figure 6: Clinical evaluation of the combined effect of the Radical Sponge (RS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The bars represent means with SDs of nine subjects. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
skin. Barrier disruption was achieved by approximately 20 applications of adhesive tape. The sites were then treated with approximately 0.1 g PVP-wrapped fullerenes solution (RS, 2 ppm as fullerene C60
Figure 7: Barrier recovery effect of the Radical Sponge.
, >99% water) or water (control) twice a day for 5 days. The treatment sites were randomised, and the participants were blinded to the treatments. TEWL was measured, and the percent barrier recovery of each participant was calculated. These parameters were recorded for 5 days after gentle washing with soap and allowing the skin to adapt to the environment for 15 min (23 ± 1.5 °C).
As shown in Figure 5, after tape stripping, PVP-wrapped fullerenes solution significantly accelerated barrier recovery on days 2 and 3 compared with the control without adverse event. These results suggest that PVP-wrapped fullerenes could repair skin barrier function.8
A similar experiment was conducted to investigate of combination effect of humectant and fullerene on barrier repair. Hyaluronic acid is a representative humectant with a water-absorbing property. The clinical study was conducted in 9 healthy volunteers (5 men and 4 women; age, 29–61 years; mean, 41.9 years). On each left volar forearm, 4 test areas measuring 1.2 cm in diameter were marked on clinically normal skin. Barrier disruption was achieved by approximately 20 applications of adhesive tape. The sites were then treated with approximately 0.1 g solution (water, PVP-wrapped fullerenes RS, 2 ppm as fullerene C60
, 0.4% hyaluronic
acid or PVP-wrapped fullerenes 2 ppm as fullerene C60
plus 0.4% hyaluronic acid)
twice a day for 1 day. The treatment sites were randomised, and the participants were blinded to the treatments. TEWL was
PERSONAL CARE EUROPE
measured, and the percent barrier recovery of each participant was calculated. These parameters were recorded after gentle washing with soap and allowing the skin to adapt to the environment for 15 min (23 ± 1.5 °C).
As shown in Figure 6, after tape stripping, the PVP-wrapped fullerenes solution tended to accelerate barrier recovery on day 1 compared with the control. Similar to the previous experiment (Fig 5), PVP-wrapped fullerenes did not yet lead to significant barrier recovery on day 1 after tape stripping, but barrier recovery was significant on days 2 and 3. Barrier recovery was significantly accelerated on day 1 on PVP-wrapped fullerenes plus hyaluronic acid treatment site compared with the control and hyaluronic acid alone treatment site. These results suggest that PVP-wrapped fullerenes combined with humectant accelerates further repair of skin barrier function.
Conclusion Cornified envelope is essential for strong stratum corneum barrier. UV impedes the maturation of the cornified envelope and makes the cornified envelope fragile. The Radical Sponge (PVP-wrapped fullerenes) prevented the decrease in cornified envelope by increasing transglutaminase-1 enzyme level (Fig 7). This is a new strategy for rough skin. Although only Radical Sponge treatment could protect the skin barrier, a combination with traditional moisturiser humectant would have a further better effect. Rough skin is one of the most important cosmetic problems owing to the possibility of a variety of severe skin problems such as sensitive skin and atopic dermatitis. The Radical Sponge as an antioxidant may offer a new solution for rough skin.
Acknowledgment The authors are grateful to Prof. Kazuhisa Maeda (Tokyo University of Technology Graduate School) for providing professional consultation, data, and analysis.
PC
References 1. Matsuki M, Yamashita F, Ishida-Yamamoto A, et
al. Defective stratum corneum and early neonatal death in mice lacking the gene for
transglutaminase 1 (keratinocyte transglutaminase). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998: 95: 1044-1049.
2. Krusic PJ, Wasserman E, Keizer PN, Morton JR, Preston KF. Radical reactions of C60. Science 1991; 254: 1183-1185.
3. Xiao L, Takada H, Maeda K, Haramoto M, Miwa N. Antioxidant effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives against ultraviolet ray or peroxylipid through their action of scavenging the reactive oxygen species in human skin keratinocytes. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005; 59(7): 351-8.
4. Xiao L, Takada H, Gan Xh, Miwa N. The water- soluble fullerene derivative “Radical Sponge” exerts cytoprotective action against UVA irradiation but not visible-light-catalyzed cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006; 16(6):1590-1595.
5. Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE. C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 1985; 318: 162-163.
6. Aoshima H, Yamana S, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Biological safety of water-soluble fullerenes evaluated by genotoxicity, phototoxicity studies, and pro-oxidant activity. J Toxicol Sci. 2010; 35: 401-409.
7. Ito S, Itoga K, Yamato M, Akamatsu H, Okano T. The co-application effects of fullerene and ascorbic acid on UV-B irradiated mouse skin, Toxicology 2010; 267: 27-38.
8. Murakami M et al. Photoprotective Effects of Inclusion Complexes of Fullerenes with Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photmed, 2013; 29(1): 196-203
April 2018
Barrier Recovery Rate (%)
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184
