3.2 Formation of an Earthquake Figure 1 shows the features and impacts of an earthquake.
1. Focus: This is where an earthquake begins beneath the earth’s surface. 2. Shock waves: Also called seismic waves or tremors, these spread out in circles from the focus.
3. Epicentre: This is the point at the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus of the earthquake. The strength of the earthquake is greatest here.
4. Fault : This is a large crack in the earth’s crust where plates get stuck and energy builds up between them. Epicentre
Plate movement 3 4 Fault
2
Shock waves
1. Features and impacts of an earthquake
1 Focus
Badly damaged buildings
The San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas Fault in California is a large crack in the earth’s crust which marks part of a plate boundary. The slow-moving North American Plate is sliding in the same direction as the faster-moving Pacific Plate. The plates are always moving, but where they touch each other, they often lock together. Eventually, one plate will jump forward suddenly or slip or break, causing an earthquake.
CALIFORNIA
North American Plate moving in same direction but SLOWER (by an average of 1 cm per year)
San Francisco
San Andreas Fault
Los Angeles Pacific Plate
moving relatively FASTER
Mexico
2. A map of the San Andreas Fault
An aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault
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F A S T E R
S L O W E R
FUN FACT! If the movement of the
plates at the San Andreas Fault
continues as estimated, Los Angeles will eventually slide past San Francisco – but not for a while yet!