5 28 Part 2
Actually, fighting disease is arguably the most important aspect of medicine. Regardless of how much you know about anatomy, physiology and their related chemical processes, a doctor who cannot diagnose disease in patients is not going to do them any good. So, it follows that it is important to have an excellent knowledge of the characteristics of diseases. What I mean is, to know their causes and how they can be prevented or cured. So that’s what the first stage is, getting to know what the various types of disease are. But what are the various types of disease and how can
we best identify them? As I said just now, disease is found when variations occur in the normal structure or functions of the body, which give rise to problems or discomfort for the patient. There are many different ways of categorizing diseases. It can be by whether they can be passed on to others by those who have them, so that we get contagious, non-contagious, infectious and non-infectious diseases. We also get parasitic diseases such as malaria, where a parasite is responsible for the transmission. Diseases can also be grouped in terms of their action
on the body. There are three main types of action of this kind. Firstly, we have neoplastic diseases caused by abnormal growth. Secondly, there are degenerative diseases, caused by lack of growth. Finally, in this classification, there are inflammatory diseases where the cell’s tissue is damaged. They can also be grouped by whether they are congenital diseases, which are from birth, or hereditary – passed on by parents. In addition, they can be classified in terms of the population groups they attack, such as maternal diseases, or in terms of the part of the body they attack, such as cardiac diseases. So what can we do to lessen the effect that diseases
have on our lives? Of course, we want to cure patients. But that is only one way in which we are useful in our role as doctors. In addition to curing people of diseases, another benefit we can provide is by preventing them from getting the disease in the first place. We have seen already what a powerful tool vaccination is and how it can prevent the spread of very dangerous diseases. A good example of this is the eradication of smallpox, which you came across earlier.
E
Give students time to read questions 1 and 2. Elicit which key words they should listen for to identify the answers (levels of disease or disease levels; geography).
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. 29
Play Part 3. Give students time to check their answers and to fi nish making notes. Support and encourage, but do not feed back individually.
Feed back the answers verbally as a group.
Elicit some of the key points from the lecture, and feed back visually to create a mind map similar to the example below.
92
5.2 Listening
Answers 1. •
prevalence – number of people diagnosed with a disease
• incidence – number of new cases diagnosed each year
• mortality rate – number of people who die from the disease each year
2. Geography is important because of the major diff erences in rates of prevalence, incidence and mortality between countries in the developed and developing worlds (e.g., the HIV/AIDS mortality rate).
Identifying disease
*variations in structure/function of body = patient discomfort
Categorizing disease
Transmission: *contagious *non-contagious *infectious *non-infectious *parasitic
DISEASE –
CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Action of disease on body: *neoplastic *degenerative *infl ammatory Congenital/hereditary Population groups (e.g., maternal) Parts of body (e.g., cardiac)
Popultion groups
prevalence – overall no. diag. with disease incidence – no. new cases diag. each year mortality rate – no. die from disease each yr.
Prevention (e.g., vaccination) Cure
29 Part 3
Anyway, er … to return to the main point: it’s essential to identify population groups because the same type of intervention or treatment for a disease can be used with others in that group. Fundamentally, disease control is about having accurate data on disease levels within specific population groups. So how do we find out what these are? Well, firstly, we can look at the overall number of people in specific populations who have been diagnosed with a disease. This indicates the prevalence or extent of the disease in that population. Secondly, we can then look at how many new cases of the disease are diagnosed in the population each year, which gives us the incidence of the disease. Finally, we can look at the number of people who die from the disease each year. That gives us the mortality rate. So, it follows that we can analyze the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates of diseases as they are reported and then look within these for population group characteristics. These can include age; gender – especially in the case of maternal diseases; income levels; geography. Whether individuals have an active or sedentary lifestyle – by which I mean their levels of general fitness – is also important, as in the case of coronary disease. Of these, geography, that is to say where people live, is probably one of the most important. Naturally, rates of prevalence, incidence and mortality between countries in the developed and developing
tools for research
geographical
distributions of disease
defining disease
fighting disease
future projections of disease
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264
