1.4 Extending skills
stages of Alzheimer’s and how these can be recognized in the patient. Alzheimer’s is a disease which affects mental, cognitive and motor ability, and which ultimately leads to the death of the patient. It also causes considerable distress to the patient and to their carers. There are five distinct stages of Alzheimer’s, and we will now look at each of these stages in turn.
08 Introduction 4
The purpose of the lecture today is to look at how a doctor used his powers of observation to find the solution to a problem that was affecting his patients. The year was 1854, and the doctor was John Snow, a general practitioner based in London. The problem was that an increasing number of his patients were contracting cholera, a fatal disease for which there was no cure at the time. In order to solve the problem, he conducted a now- famous series of investigations.
09 Introduction 5
The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the various organs within the body, and it does this primarily by using hormones, which are produced by various glands in the body. Today we are going to look at ways in which the endocrine system can malfunction and the effects this can have. I would like to begin by looking at the functioning of the thyroid gland. This is one of the largest glands in the body and is located in the neck, below the mouth. It produces a number of hormones, the most important of which are T3 and T4.
METHODOLOGY NOTE Ways of keeping notes Students may have different methods for keeping notes. Some students choose to use spiral-bound or stitched/stapled notebooks to record information. Alternatively, they may use a loose-leaf fi le, which allows information to be reorganized and categorized using dividers. Some students also use electronic methods of note-taking, which allow sections of text to be extracted and documents to be highlighted. Whichever method students use, it is important to encourage them to work on their note-taking and to exchange ideas with other students on how they can get maximum benefi t from it.
C
Students can check their work in pairs and with others in their group.
If students’ outlines are diff erent, ask them to explain their reasons. Tell students to think about an appropriate type of notes for the next part of the lecture – it could be a continuation of the type they chose for the introduction, or they could add an additional type.
10–14
Remind the groups that they should listen to their allocated lecture through only once.
If it is only possible to play the recordings for the whole class together, students from non-listening groups could be provided with a distraction activity so they are less likely to listen closely.
10 Lecture 1
So, what exactly is a laser? Well, a laser is light of very high intensity which can be focused in an extremely precise way. Because of its intensity, it can burn whatever it is focused on. This means that it is particularly suited for cancers which occur on the surface of the body or the lining of internal organs. In contrast to using a scalpel, where the surrounding tissue is cut away to get to the tumour, a laser can be used through an endoscope. An endoscope is a flexible tube inserted into an opening in the body which is manipulated so that it gets close to the location of the tumour without the need for additional cutting. So, let’s look at the advantages of laser surgery.
Because lasers are more precise, they cause less bleeding and damage to normal tissue than standard surgical tools. As a result, patients tend to bleed less and have less pain and swelling, and there are lower levels of scarring. In addition, operations using lasers are usually shorter than traditional operations and can sometimes be done on an outpatient basis. All of these factors mean that there is a much lower risk of infection for the patient. However, laser therapy has some limitations. Firstly,
surgeons who use this technique must have extra specialized training before they are allowed to use the equipment, and much stricter precautions must be followed. Secondly, the equipment required to carry out the operation is expensive and bulky. Thirdly, additional technical assistance may also be required for the maintenance of the equipment. A final limitation is that, since the surgery targets such a precise area, tumours may grow back again and require a repeat operation.
11 Lecture 2
Following on from the Greeks, the Romans were responsible for many new developments in medicine. The work of Galen, in the 2nd
century CE, is of particular
significance, as he developed models of the body and its functioning which were accepted for more than a thousand years.
D
Before students listen to the next part of the lecture, refer students to their outline notes again. Tell them to orally reconstruct the introduction from their notes. T ey don’t have to be able to say the exact words, but they should be able to give the gist.
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