12 B
Explain to students that these are examples of a typical introduction and conclusion. T e introduction explains why a report is being undertaken, and the conclusion describes what the report has discovered and sets out recommendations.
Set questions 1–3 for pairwork discussion. Feed back visually as a class, building the examples below.
Answers
1. Both the reports describe research to fi nd out the attitudes of people from ethnic-minority groups towards participating in clinical trials.
2. T e Introduction to Report A refers to a survey, a primary research method. T e Conclusion of Report B does not refer to a specifi c methodology. However, the Method section suggests that this study used secondary sources (existing studies found on PubMed, Google Scholar).
3. See table below. Elements Introduction
introduces the topic and gives some background information
says why the topic is important
says what the report will contain
gives a general statement of the purpose of the research
Conclusion
gives a general summary/ restatement of fi ndings
12.3 Extending skills
C
Check that students understand the task, and remind them that they will need to use the correct form of each word. Elicit that verbs in the Methods section of a report are generally in the past tense.
12.3_C
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Copies of the texts for students to use are provided in the PDF.
Feed back visually as a class, using the answers below.
Answers 1. was designed 2. were sent 3. were returned 4. were interviewed 5. were 6. was undertaken 7. were used
Example sentences
T ere has been much debate about the level of participation by ethnic minorities in clinical trials.
It is important that ethnic minorities are adequately represented; otherwise, trial results may not provide a true picture of the eff ectiveness and safety of drugs across the whole population.
T is report will describe a survey undertaken to examine diff erences in the perception of clinical trials between individuals from ethnic minorities and non-ethnic minority individuals.
Recommendations will be made on how the recruitment of volunteers from ethnic minorities can be improved.
To conclude, it appears that while many of the problems in recruiting ethnic-minority participants also apply to non-ethnic-minority communities, these problems are representative of broader issues relating to how health services interact with minority groups. For example, a considerable number of potential participants from all ethnic groups may be unable to read well in English; nevertheless, the impact on ethnic-minority groups is greater because of other contributing factors.
gives recommendations
T e evidence suggests that cultural issues should be taken into account when obtaining consent from ethnic-minority patients to participate in clinical trials. More emphasis should be put on face-to-face discussion. Where necessary, a qualifi ed translator should be used, and the family should be encouraged to ask questions.
sets out the implications of not taking action
comments on future possibilities if action is taken
T e underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in clinical trials is likely to continue if the implementation of these recommendations is delayed.
Speedy implementation should see the erosion of many of the identifi ed barriers.
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