2 C
1. Remind students of the importance of topic sentences. Set for individual work and pairwork checking.
2. Encourage students not to read ahead. You could ask students to cover the text and only reveal each topic sentence in turn, then discuss the possible contents of the paragraph. Remind them that it is not a good idea to read every part of a text unless you have to.
2.4_C
You could tell students to shut their books and just show the topic sentences as given in the PDF – using a visualizer or handing out a physical copy.
3. Set the choice of paragraphs for pairwork. Students then read individually, make notes and compare them. Monitor and assist.
Possible answers See table opposite.
4. Give students time to read other paragraphs if they need to.
DISCOURSE NOTE Topic sentence placement Although you may not feel it is appropriate to discuss the point with students here, in real academic texts the topic sentence may not be as obvious as in the texts in this unit. Sometimes there is not an explicit topic sentence, so that the overall topic of the paragraph must be inferred. Equally, the actual topic sentence for the paragraph can be near the end rather than at the beginning of the paragraph. Sometimes, also, the fi rst sentence of a paragraph acts as a topic statement for a succession of paragraphs.
2.4 Extending skills
Topic sentence
One of the greatest achievements of 20th
-century medicine
was the global eradication of smallpox.
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.
T e fi rst attempts to control the disease used a technique known as variolation.
However, it was the discovery of vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796 which marked a major step forward in controlling the disease.
Further advances were made in the 1920s with the development of dried vaccines in France and the Netherlands.
In 1966, the WHO set a ten-year goal for the eradication of smallpox worldwide.
By 1979, the WHO could formally declare smallpox eradicated worldwide.
Smallpox has a number of unique characteristics which made its eradication possible.
Although smallpox has ceased to kill, it remains a potential danger to humanity.
D
1. Set for pairwork, and encourage students to create their own research questions. If students are having diffi culty, you can refer them to the research questions they used earlier and suggest that they adapt them.
2. If it is possible for students to do online research during the lesson, give students an opportunity to carry out their searches. Set for group work. If it is not possible to search during class time, set the task for homework and feed back next lesson.
background on the disease – mechanisms of transmission, incubation period and symptoms
initial techniques used – what is variolation, and to what degree was it successful?
description of the discovery of vaccinations
Possible paragraph content
history of the smallpox disease – severity, number of people killed, etc.
further developments and their signifi cance
the eradication process – was the goal achieved?
the eradication of smallpox – what evidence did the WHO have for this claim?
how it was possible to eradicate smallpox – what were its unique characteristics?
conclusion – why does it remain a danger?
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