12.1 Vocabulary
3. Explain that almost all the verbs in the list could be followed by that when used in a sentence. Can students fi nd any that can’t?
Set for pairwork and small-group checking. Elicit answers from the class, building the table opposite. Only two of the verbs (cite, describe) cannot be used with that. A few others (disagree, dispute) are rarely used with that. Many of the verbs can also be followed by other words – see the table opposite.
4. Depending on the class, you may want to return to this activity later in this lesson or unit.
Discuss the answers with the whole class, building the table opposite. Point out to students that the choice of introductory verb for a direct or indirect quote or for a paraphrase or summary will reveal what they think about the source. T is is an important way in which, when writing essays, students can show a degree of critical awareness about their sources. Critically evaluating other writers’ work is an important part of academic assignments, dissertations and theses.
Point out also that some verbs are to some degree ‘marked’, that is, they have an extra meaning or connotation. For example, accept and note can both have an ironic overtone: that the source referred to implicitly does not accept/note something.
VOCABULARY BANK 12.1 Reporting verbs for quoting and paraphrasing
Once students have completed this activity, they can refer to Vocabulary Bank 12.1 for a summary of how to use these verbs.
Answers Verb
accept agree argue assert cite claim concede
consider contend
describe disagree dispute emphasize illustrate indicate insist note observe point out report show state suggest
Used with T e writer/source referred to …
that + noun
that with + noun
that that + noun that that
that that
how + noun
that with + noun
that
+ noun that
+ noun
that how
+ noun that
+ noun
that on
that
+ noun that
+ noun that
+ noun that
+ noun that
+ noun that
that + gerund
is giving an important example to strengthen an argument
is explaining, possibly with an example
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with
is giving their opinion by referring to evidence/research
is giving their opinion by referring to evidence/research
is giving their opinion by referring to evidence/research
is giving research fi ndings
is explaining, possibly with an example
is giving their opinion; is giving research fi ndings
is giving their opinion tentatively; is giving their recommendation
thinks someone else’s idea is wrong
thinks someone else’s idea is wrong
is giving their opinion strongly
thinks someone else’s idea is true – perhaps reluctantly or with reservations
thinks someone else’s idea is true
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with
is referring to someone else’s ideas or research fi ndings
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with
thinks someone else’s idea is true – perhaps reluctantly or with reservations
is giving their opinion
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with
is giving a description
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