7.3 Extending skills
medicine (or EM) first come about? You’ve probably heard of the American physician, Dr James DeWitt Mills? It was Dr DeWitt Mills who established a system of 24-hour care at the Alexandria Hospital in Virginia in the 1960s. It became known as the ‘Alexandria Plan’. Prior to this, there were numerous problems with emergency care in US hospitals. Firstly, emergency care had been provided by any number of specialists – dermatologists, psychiatrists, etc., – who would work on a rotation basis throughout the night. Not to mention the fact that interns – in other words, physicians who were still in training – and even nurses would also be drafted in to make up these emergency care teams. Plus there’s the fact that, in effect, these rather poorly organized emergency rooms, as they were known, were being run by medical staff none of whom had been specifically trained in the field of emergency medicine. So, the result of the ‘Alexandria Plan’ was that the US media and various health reports published at the time were able to highlight the poor state of training in this particular field. Cincinnati General Hospital saw the first emergency medicine doctor in 1970, and it was in 1979 that the American Board of Medical Specialties finally recognized EM as a medical specialty. Unfortunately, due to more recent changes, the level
of effective acute care provision in our hospitals is now under threat. To put it another way, … hospitals now need to find alternatives to ease the strain and ultimately resolve the problem of overcrowded emergency departments. Oh, I almost forgot to mention your research topics.
OK, well, what’s really important for the future of many national healthcare systems today is improving acute care provision. So I’d like you to find out what are the most appropriate means of reorganizing the emergency department. You may also want to consider what’s currently being done in hospitals outside the UK.
D Set for pairwork. Feed back with the whole class.
T e phrases here appear throughout the lecture in Lessons 7.2 and 7.3 (Parts 2–5). If you wish, you could refer students to the transcripts on pages 143–145 of the Course Book to identify each phrase in use.
38–40, 43
Students could also listen to the relevant parts of the audio independently if your classroom setting allows this.
SKILLS BANK 5.1 Identifying signpost language in a lecture
VOCABULARY BANK 7.2 Fixed phrases from academic English (1)
E
Review the main points covered in Lesson 7.2, Exercise F: when a speaker uses a Wh~ cleft sentence structure to draw attention to something which is important instead of using the more common ‘given’–‘new’ information
147
Ask for other phrases which have similar meanings, particularly from students’ work in Lesson 7.2. You could refer students back to the phrases in Skills Bank 5.1 and Vocabulary Bank 7.2. Build a table on the board. Accept any suitable suggestions for the third column.
LANGUAGE NOTE Spoken vs. written academic English The phrases in the table are appropriate in spoken language in academic settings. Many are unsuitable for academic writing, for which different phrases should be used.
Answers Purpose
a. introduce a new topic
b. emphasize a major point
c. add points Phrase
8. You’ve probably heard of …
7. T e fact of the matter is, …
5. Not to mention the fact that …
6. Plus there’s the fact that …
d. fi nish a list
e. give an example
f. restate Other phrases
An important concept is …
So, let’s now look at …
T e point is, … Actually, … In fact, …
In addition, … In addition to … As well as … Also, … … and …
1. … et cetera. … and so on.
3. Let’s take … For example, … For instance, … Say …
2. In other words, …
4. To put it another way, …
What I mean is, …
T at is to say, …
Looking at it another way, …
By that I mean …
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264
