1
1.3 Extending skills
information within each lecture, and decide what type of notes would be appropriate.
Discuss the example: elicit whether they think a fl ow chart is appropriate for a lecture on Alzheimer’s and whether they would consider anything else. Elicit how the lecture is likely to be organized – the word ‘stages’ should provide a clue that it will discuss a sequence of events – so possibly a timeline may be appropriate also.
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. 05–09
Play each lecture introduction in turn.
Pause after each introduction, and allow students to discuss before eliciting the suggested answer.
After Introductions 1–3, remind students that sometimes lecturers move from one information organization to another within the same lecture, e.g., cause and eff ect, then sequences of events. Play Introductions 4–5, and elicit answers.
Students may suggest diff erent answers in some cases. Discuss.
Suggested answers 1. two columns (advantages and disadvantages) 2. timeline (sequence of events) 3. fl ow chart (stages of a process)
4. headings and notes/two columns (problem and solution) fl ow chart (stages of a process)
5. spidergram (cause and eff ect) headings and notes (classifi cation and defi nition)
05 Introduction 1
Today I’m going to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of two different types of surgery that can be used to deal with cancers in the body. Until relatively recently, all operations to remove cancer were carried out using a scalpel, which is a sharp instrument, or type of knife, which is used to cut open the skin and tissue surrounding the tumour and then to remove the tumour itself. In recent years, however, laser surgery has begun to replace traditional surgery for removing some types of tumour.
06 Introduction 2
The purpose of today’s lecture is to look at some major landmarks in the development of medicine. The traditional starting point for the history of our profession is with the ancient Greeks. There were many notable
Greek physicians, perhaps the best known being Hippocrates. His book on medicine, written around 400 BCE, was of great significance to modern medical practice. It stated that the well-being of the patient should be the central concern of the doctor. This idea is a core part of the Hippocratic Oath, which forms the basis of many medical codes of practice today.
07 Introduction 3
In the lecture today, I’m going to talk about the different stages of Alzheimer’s and how these can be recognized in the patient. Alzheimer’s is a disease which affects mental, cognitive and motor ability, and which ultimately leads to the death of the patient. It also causes considerable distress to the patient and to their carers. There are five distinct stages of Alzheimer’s, and we will now look at each of these stages in turn.
08 Introduction 4
The purpose of the lecture today is to look at how a doctor used his powers of observation to find the solution to a problem that was affecting his patients. The year was 1854, and the doctor was John Snow, a general practitioner based in London. The problem was that an increasing number of his patients were contracting cholera, a fatal disease for which there was no cure at the time. In order to solve the problem, he conducted a now- famous series of investigations.
09 Introduction 5
The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the various organs within the body, and it does this primarily by using hormones, which are produced by various glands in the body. Today we are going to look at ways in which the endocrine system can malfunction and the effects this can have. I would like to begin by looking at the functioning of the thyroid gland. This is one of the largest glands in the body and is located in the neck, below the mouth. It produces a number of hormones, the most important of which are T3 and T4.
Closure
Test students on the pairs from Exercise B. Correct pronunciation again if necessary. SKILLS BANK
1.3 Choosing a note-taking format Refer students back to Skills Bank 1.3.
Students could be asked to write a short refl ection (100–200 words) on their experience of the listening and what they can improve. T is could be used as a warmer for the next lesson.
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