10.4 Extending skills
LANGUAGE NOTE Publication dates
Some students may use 2020 as the publication date. Point out that the book was reprinted – not published – then. (Reprinted means that the content did not change.) If the content has changed, then the book is usually republished in a new edition (2nd
edition, 3rd edition, etc.). New
editions have a new publication date and will probably reference any previous editions of the book with their publication dates. If it is the fi rst time a book has been published, then the edition is not mentioned.
Answer
Cheeseman J. Approaches to Evidence-Based Medicine. London: Chatham & Bryant; 2018.
D
Set students to work in pairs. Remind them that they have covered many of these symbols and abbreviations in Unit 5.
RESOURCES p. 128 5.3 Symbols and abbreviations for notes
Ask students to try to remember the meaning of as many of these as possible without referring to the book or their notes. However, they can use their notes and the list on page 128 of the Course Book to complete the activity.
Elicit and feed back visually, partially completing the table below.
Suggested answers
Symbol/ Abbreviation
& ©
cf. edn.
ed(s). et al. ibid. n.d.
op. cit. p.
pp. vol.
Meaning and
copyright compare edition
editor(s) and other authors same place in a work already referred to
no date (used in a reference list if there is no date – as is often the case with web articles)
the work already referred to page
pages volume 211
E
1. Ask the class to look at the texts and compare them to the list of references on page 103. T ey should be able to work out the answer.
Answer
T e research sources are indicated using a superscript (small) number. (T e author’s name or other details may be stated, but this is not necessary.) T e numbers are then used in the reference list to give the full details of each source. If a source is repeated, the same number is used. (T is is how the Vancouver referencing style works.)
2. Students should be able to work out the answer using the answer to question 1. Remind them to scan all three texts for reference numbers.
Answer Two texts are cited twice: • source 2 (Straus et al.) • source 3 (Sackett et al.)
Some students may point out that one author (Greenhalgh) is cited twice; however, the references are to two diff erence sources (4 and 8).
3. Elicit from the class how many direct quotations are in the text (two), and ask them to locate them.
Explain that direct quotations should have page references. In the text, a page number is given for the Greenhalgh reference – (p.4) – so students can add it to the reference list. T e other reference – Sackett et al. – does not have any page numbers given, so they can’t add it.
Remind students (if you have not done so already) that there are two main ways in which students can use sources (i.e., references to other writers’ work) in their writing:
• By giving the exact words used by another writer. T is is referred to as quotation or direct quotation. Direct quotations are in quotation marks.
• By paraphrasing another writer’s ideas, i.e., rewriting the ideas using their own words but retaining the meaning. T is is referred to as a paraphrase if it is around the same length as the source, or as a summary if it is shorter than the original source.
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