8 C


1. Elicit the purpose of the task – to practise predicting the content of a text from the title and topic sentences. Set the tasks for individual work. Elicit answers from the class, and feed back verbally.


Suggested answers


T e title of the text suggests that the text will look at the preventative role of primary care.


Paragraph 1 explains the importance of prevention in primary care.


Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 look at three diff erent aspects of prevention. Paragraph 5 is about screening programmes.


Paragraph 6 discusses three key behaviours which primary care is seeking to minimize.


2. If necessary, remind students of the purpose of research questions, and elicit one or two examples from the class.


SKILLS BANK 2.1 Doing reading research


You could refer students back to Skills Bank 2.1 to remind them about research questions.


T e next activity requires students with the same essay title to work in pairs, so it may be a good idea to allocate the titles so that there are at least two students per title.


Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Elicit examples from the class, and visually share some good examples with the class.


D


Set for individual work and pairwork checking. If you wish, students can make notes under the headings in the ‘Topics’ column of the table in Exercise B. Encourage students to make notes in their own words.


Possible notes


a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of screening for diseases in primary care?


• screening = testing carried out for specifi c condition at regular intervals


• advantages: identifi cation of conditions at early stage, easier/more cost-eff ective treatment of disease, minimize eff ects, potential for complete cure


• examples of successful screening programmes: cervical cancer, breast cancer, heart disease


162


8.2 Reading


• disadvantages: possible false positives from some tests (can be upsetting to patients), low incidence of some diseases and high costs of tests can make it uneconomic


b. ‘Disease prevention is far better than providing cures.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?


• preventative medicine = preventing disease/ disability from occurring


• economic benefi ts of prevention: no resources required for treatment, worker able to continue working


• not all diseases can be prevented, e.g., salmonella


• but many diseases are largely preventable: lung cancer (tobacco smoking), diabetes (sugar consumption), diseases associated with alcohol abuse


• human and fi nancial costs associated w/ treating these types of diseases are huge


c. Explain why targeting three key behaviours is so important for the developed world.


• link between behaviours and disease • benefi ts = human & fi nancial


1) tobacco smoking – link to lung cancer, vascular diseases, COPD. 100m deaths in 20th C., 8m per year by 2030


2) eating fatty/sugary foods, lack of exercise – link to diabetes, WHO – most substantial threat to health for 21st


C., will cost $622


billion in US by 2030. can be managed w/ early diagnosis


3) alcohol abuse – 5% of hospital admissions, heart disease, diabetes, liver failure


• ageing population – need for govts. to take action


d. What aspects of prevention need to be considered by GPs? Describe what is involved in each.


• importance of prevention for primary care


• three aspects of prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary


• Primary: preventing illness, promoting health, vaccination programmes, safety, lifestyle modifi cation, awareness campaigns


• Secondary: early identifi cation of disease, provision of prompt treatment – e.g., screening programmes


• Tertiary: reducing eff ects of disease/disability – pain relief, self-management – e.g., diabetes


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