5.4 Extending skills
Extract 5
Lecturer What do you mean by ‘primary’, Jack? Jack
Evie C
I mean it’s an example of primary research. They did two things – they looked for information in a report … Actually, that’s secondary.
Explain to students that in this activity they will hear examples of good ways of contributing to a discussion which they can use themselves.
Tell students that this activity is similar to the previous one, but this time they will need to listen for how the second speaker contributes.
Allow students time to read the possible answers. Remind them that they will hear seven extracts and that they should choose a diff erent answer for each one.
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Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Play all the extracts through once, and allow time for students to check their answers with each other. Do not feed back at this stage – students will check their answers in Exercise D. 36
Extract 6
Lecturer So, as we have seen, population grouping can help with disease control because it can help us to target resources where disease levels are high. So let’s see how your chart can help us with planning public health strategies. First of all, tell us about the groupings you chose.
Leila Well, first of all, we decided to focus on communicable versus non-communicable diseases as a good way to distinguish between different populations. Didn’t we, Majed?
Majed Absolutely. Those were the most obvious categories to show differences between countries.
Extract 7
Majed We used total mortality from diseases in each category to provide profiles of the different countries.
Jack
Sorry, I don’t follow. Could you explain how you did that?
Majed Well, as you know, communicable diseases are those which can be transferred between people, such as TB; and non-communicable diseases such as cancers or diabetes cannot be transferred. So we used a list of diseases for each category and researched total deaths from each disease for each country. Then we made a chart showing the proportion of deaths in each category.
Extract 9 Evie
I’m not sure why you have just used mortality as the main measure. We’ve already seen that the incidence of disease in countries is also really important.
Leila Well, we were told that we should focus on the most important aspects. For example, we think it is likely that the ratios of the incidence and prevalence of HIV to the number of deaths from AIDS would vary between countries – but we didn’t have that data. And we felt that mortality is the best place to begin.
Extract 10
Lecturer That’s a very good point. Sometimes the data will show only part of the picture, and it’s important to recognize that.
Majed Well, as Leila has said already, we wanted to focus on the most important differences between countries. I think comparing mortality rates from HIV/AIDS is important, even though incidence and prevalence vary widely.
Evie Majed
Extract 11 Leila
But if a country has very high incidence and prevalence rates, the pressure on the health system will result in higher mortality …
That’s true, but I don’t think it can account for the differences in HIV/AIDS mortality we’ve seen in the data.
So, the purpose of presenting this data is to show where disease levels are high so we can target them with resources; and we think that classifying diseases as communicable and non-communicable helps us to find the best way to do this.
Evie
If I understand you correctly, you’re saying that categorizing diseases as communicable and non-communicable helps to target
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Leila We also put some more detailed samples of the data we used below the chart to highlight really important differences in death rates.
Extract 8
Majed We wanted to make sure the chart showed where there was a lot of contrast between types of countries.
Jack
I’m sorry, but has anybody made the point that the data includes mortality for diseases like malaria in countries where the incidence of the disease is almost zero? If incidence is almost zero, then mortality will be really low also, so the information may not be that helpful.
Majed Well, we wanted to include the diseases where there were really big differences in mortality, and malaria and HIV were two of the top causes of death in some of the countries, so we had to include them.
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