12 F
Remind students that they have already covered examples of these types of words in Lesson 12.1, Exercise C. Elicit what the words have in common (they link to other words) and why they are important (because they can be used to link clauses and sentences together).
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. 12.2_F
Elicit answers, and feed back visually, using a copy of the text. T e answers are highlighted in the text in the PDF provided.
Answers Word
Its
its it
which its
T is
which they
T ese it it
they it
those whom
G
1. Refer students to the phrases highlighted in orange. Elicit that they are all linking phrases.
VOCABULARY BANK 11.1 Linking phrases
For a reminder of the concept of a linking phrase, you can refer students back to Vocabulary Bank 11.1.
2. With the class, elicit a few linking phrases, and allocate them to the functions listed in the bullet points:
• additional point (similar to and) • contrast (similar to but)
250 Refers to
genetics and genomics as a fi eld of scientifi c knowledge
Mendel’s experimental work DNA
the Human Genome Project every cell
major investments were made in computer technology for data processing
their paper on the structure of DNA the other 98% of genes
the DNA sequences of diff erent organisms DNA itself
T e Human Microbiome Project these profi les T e research certain drugs individuals
A larger group of linking phrases and their functions are given in Vocabulary Bank 12.2. You could refer students to this to sum up at the end of the exercise. See if any students have found/thought of phrases not listed in Vocabulary Bank 12.2.
It’s important to note that the function of a linking phrase is ultimately identifi ed from its context. T e answers below show the function of each linking phrase in the text. However, the same phrases can often be used in diff erent ways and can function either within or between sentences.
Answers
Within sentences
additional point (and)–
contrast (but) used when comparing
concession (but) used to concede/ accept a point which contrasts with the main point of a sentence/paragraph
reason (because) result (so) While Although
Despite the fact that
Since Because
so
3. Set for individual work. Depending on the class, you could either:
• ask students to swap each linking phrase for a similar one, keeping the rest of the sentence intact; or
As a result Consequently
Between sentences
Furthermore In addition
However –
12.2 Reading
• concession (similar to but) • result (similar to because) • reason (similar to so)
Remind students of the diff erence between within- and between-sentence linking phrases.
First, ask students to identify the functions of the highlighted phrases from the text, as shown in the answers below.
Students can then add more phrases of their own. T ey could look at other reading texts in the Course Book to fi nd more phrases.
VOCABULARY BANK 12.2 Linking ideas in a text
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