12
12.2 Reading
Original text
Because the laboratory techniques which were used to map DNA were complex and time-consuming, and depended on highly skilled laboratory staff , it was clear that without new technologies and techniques it would not be possible to achieve the stated objectives by 2005; …
Student text
As Truong VG, Sandeep KN, Cartwright MF (2019) explains that without new technologies and techniques it would not be possible to achieve the stated objectives by 2005.
Corrected student text As Truong et al.1
Comments explain, ‘without
new technologies and techniques it would not be possible to achieve the stated objectives by 2005’ (p. 1776).
When using the Vancouver referencing format, a number is used to identify the reference in the reference list.
Sometimes, it is appropriate to refer to the authors and/or the date of the work even when using Vancouver. However, in these cases, it is unusual to include the authors’ fi rst names or initials.
Rather than listing all the authors, et al. is used to show there is more than one author. All authors would be given in the reference list.
explains becomes explain, since Truong et al. is plural.
Use only one of:
• As Truong et al. explain … • Truong et al. explain that …
T e remainder of the student text uses the exact words of the original text, so these need to be in quotation marks and followed by a page reference. Otherwise, the student commits plagiarism.
… so, as a fi rst step, major investments were made in computer technology for data processing. T is marked the beginning of a new scientifi c discipline of bioinformatics.
By 1998, with less than half of the planned project time remaining, just over 6% of the genome had been mapped.
Consequently, a large investment was made in technology, which was the beginning of bioinformatics.
Yet, according to Truong VG, Sandeep KN, Cartwright MF (2019), by 1998, with less than half of the planned project time remaining, just over 6% of the genome had been mapped.
Consequently, a large investment was made in technology. T is was the start of bioinformatics as a scientifi c discipline.
T e fi rst part of the student text paraphrases the source, but the second part does not link well and does not provide enough information. Rewriting as a new sentence which changes the order and some of the words is a better option.
In 1998, having already used more than half of the time planned for the project, ‘just over 6% of the genome had been mapped’1
(p. 1776). or
By 1998, having already used more than half of the time planned for the project, technicians still had over 93% of the genome left to map.1
T is is a statement of fact, so there is no need to repeat the reference to the authors. Use a numbered citation to indicate the source, as per Vancouver style.
Almost all of the student text is taken directly from the source and should either be paraphrased or quoted to avoid plagiarism.
T e fi rst part of the sentence can be paraphrased, but the clause just over 6% of the genome had been mapped could be retained as a quotation in order to make clear that the writer is not approximating the source material. However, it needs a page reference.
Alternatively, the whole sentence can be paraphrased.
Fortunately, by this time, a signifi cant investment had been made in developing specialized electronic components which could directly analyze DNA without the need for human intervention.
Consequently, there was an enormous increase in the speed with which the genome could be mapped.
Nevertheless, they had now developed technology to analyze DNA automatically.
Nevertheless, the project team had now developed technology to analyze DNA automatically.
or
Nevertheless, technology to analyze DNA automatically had now been developed.
Because of this, there was an enormous increase in the speed with which the genome could be mapped.
Because of this, there was ‘an enormous increase in the speed with which the genome could be mapped’1 (p. 1776).
or 252
Because of this, the rate at which the genome could be mapped increased signifi cantly.
T e use of Because of this instead of Consequently is eff ective.
T e remainder of the student text is a direct copy from the original and should either be quoted or paraphrased to avoid plagiarism.
T is is quite a good paraphrase. However, it is not clear who they are. One possibility is to use the project team or a similar phrase; the other possibility is to make the sentence passive so that an agent is not needed.
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