1.4 Extending skills
Even though he was unable to identify the mechanism
which caused the disease, Dr Snow was successful in preventing it. His investigation can be regarded as having laid the foundations of the science of epidemiology, the study of the transmission of diseases in populations. This science still relies on many of the techniques pioneered by Dr Snow, particularly the use of statistics to identify the spread of a disease among a population and hence its likely sources. It has also given rise to the branch of medicine known as public health, which has delivered many of the enormous gains in life expectancy and quality of life experienced over the last century.
14 Lecture 5
These thyroid hormones – T3 and T4 – control how quickly the body metabolizes energy. They also have direct effects on most organs, including the heart, which beats faster and harder under their influence. Essentially, all cells in the body will respond to increases in thyroid hormones with an increase in the rate at which they conduct their business. In healthy people, the thyroid makes just the right
amounts of T3 and T4. However, in a relatively small number of people there can be an imbalance of the hormones – with levels either too high or too low. Hyperthyroidism is the condition which is caused by the effects of too much of the thyroid hormones on tissues of the body. Hypothyroidism is the condition caused by too little of the thyroid hormones reaching the tissues. For the moment, we will focus on the effects of
hyperthyroidism. While there are many reasons patients can develop hyperthyroidism, most of the symptoms they experience are the same, whatever the cause. So, what are these symptoms? Because the body
uses energy more quickly under the influence of thyroid hormones, patients often feel hotter than normal and – even though they may be eating more than normal – may lose weight because their metabolism is much higher. Patients usually complain of fatigue, but this is combined with insomnia, which can make them very irritable and easily upset. They may also develop irregular heartbeats (palpitations) and trembling of the hands. In severe cases, patients can suffer shortness of breath, chest pain and muscle weakness. Because the symptoms can develop gradually, many
patients do not realize that they are sick for weeks or months after the onset of the symptoms. Older people may display few or none of the typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism and may just lose weight or become depressed.
E 1.4_E
Allow students to look at Course Book page 13, or give each group the relevant page from the PDF. Give them plenty of time to compare their answers with the model notes. Suggest that they try to work in pairs to reconstruct the lecture orally from the notes – including the introduction.
29
F
SKILLS BANK 1.4 Speaking from notes
Assign students to work in a diff erent group – with students who have made notes on diff erent lectures. Each student should use their notes to describe the content of their lecture to the other members of the group.
At the end of the activity, students should look at the model notes on Course Book page 13.
Closure
Refer students back to the pictures on Course Book page 12. T ey should now be able to name them with confi dence.
Ask students to work in pairs or in their original groups to create mind maps of the vocabulary from their lecture. T ese can be posted on the walls of the classroom along with the outline notes.
Encourage students to listen back to the recordings and to refer to the transcript for each talk so they can identify any language which they missed. T ey could write a short list of any vocabulary that they have identifi ed as problematic.
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