10 F
Explain to students that this activity will help them to break down sentences so they can understand them more easily. It will also help them to write complete, meaningful sentences.
SKILLS BANK 10.1 Identifying the parts of a long sentence
You could direct students to Skills Bank 10.1 to help them mark up the components of a sentence and complete this exercise.
Once students have identifi ed the various parts of each sentence, they should be able to construct several shorter sentences to show the meaning, similar to those below.
Model answers
a. T e choice of treatment needs to fully use the experience of the doctor administering it. In addition, it needs to be based on the best available evidence from the literature. T e patient’s preferences also need to be taken into consideration.
b. Clearly, patients are diff erent from each other. T ey are diff erent in terms of age, gender, previous medical history and many other factors. T ese all have an impact on the eff ectiveness of a treatment.
c. T is takes time and requires staff to develop critical appraisal skills. T e critical guidelines are tailored to a specifi c situation by the staff who need to implement them. Because of this, the evidence indicates they are more likely to be used eff ectively.
Closure
Below are some phrases which relate to claims made for the medicinal properties of various natural substances, taken from various websites. Set students to work in pairs to suggest ways of making the phrases more suitable for academic use. If the suggestions put forward do not involve using more tentative language, suggest how this might be included.
1. Honey is better than cough mixture for children with coughs.
2. Red wine causes blood cholesterol levels to drop. 3. St John’s Wort* is as good as Prozac** for depression. 4. Honey helps leg ulcers heal more quickly. *A herbal preparation, also known as hypericum.
**A proprietary drug made by Eli Lilly, also known as fl uoxetine.
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10.2 Reading
conditions seen mainly in primary care settings, so there may not be enough systematic review evidence to cover the full range of specialist treatments provided.
Model answers
1. Evidence from a recent study appears to suggest that honey can prove more eff ective than common proprietary cough mixtures for children with coughs.
2. A recent study appears to show that red wine may have contributed to a signifi cant reduction in blood cholesterol.
3. Recent research seems to indicate/T ere is evidence which seems to indicate that St John’s Wort may be as eff ective as Prozac for depression.
4. T ere is evidence to suggest that honey from bees which have fed on the Manuka bush can/may help leg ulcers heal more quickly.
As a follow-up activity, students can use the internet to search for material on one or more of the topics. T e following key references and summary conclusions can help the teacher guide the subsequent discussion.
1. Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaff er ML, Duda L, Berlin CM. Eff ect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Dec; 161(12): 1140–1146. T is randomized control trial compares honey, DM (a honey-fl avoured cough mixture) and no treatment. T e authors’ conclusions were that the comparison of honey with DM revealed no signifi cant diff erences – i.e., honey is as eff ective as cough mixture but not more so.
2. Hansen AS, Marckmann P, Dragsted LO, Finné Nielsen I, Nielsen SE, Grønbaek M. Eff ect of red wine and red grape extract on blood lipids, haemostatic factors, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar; 59(3): 449–455. Observed that moderate red wine consumption for four weeks is associated with desirable changes in HDL-C and fi brinogen compared with drinking water with or without red grape extract. T ey concluded that the impact of wine on the measured cardiovascular risk factors was due to an alcohol eff ect rather than any other components of red wine.
3. Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L. St John’s wort for major depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008. Issue 4. Art. No. CD000448. Available from: 10.1002/
14651858.CD000448.pub3. T e available evidence suggests that the hypericum (St John’s Wort) extracts tested in the included trials are similarly eff ective as standard antidepressants (and have fewer side eff ects than standard antidepressants).
4. Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008. Issue 4. Art. No. CD005083. Available from: 10.1002/
14651858.CD005083.pub2. Honey dressings used with compression bandages (the standard treatment for most forms of leg ulcers) do not signifi cantly increase leg ulcer healing at 12 weeks.
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