5.1 Vocabulary
LANGUAGE NOTE Vocabulary sets Depending on the group, you may want to explain that words that describe a category or subset of words are called hypernyms (e.g., disease). Words describing members of a category are called hyponyms (e.g., parasitic). A hyponym of one set is often the hypernym of another – for example: Hypernym Hyponym disease parasitic parasitic malaria
If you explain these terms to the students, it may help to remind them that they have seen the hyper~ (above) and hypo~ (below) prefi xes used in other medical contexts.
A few ways of categorizing diseases are shown in the answers below. T e list is not exhaustive.
Answers Photograph
1. fast food logos
2. an older person (doing a cognition test)
3. cigarettes 4. a mosquito
5. HIV labels, syringes (HIV testing kit)
B
Set both questions for pairwork, and when students have completed the tasks, feed back visually with the whole class, building up the table in the answers opposite.
5.1_B
You could supply blank tables for students to fi ll in from the PDF provided.
1. Explain that the purpose of this exercise is to build sets of synonyms. T is is helpful both for listening/ reading (understanding textual cohesion) and speaking/writing (paraphrasing). Tell students to think about how to identify similar words – possibly by considering how prefi xes are used or by using their dictionaries.
Disease
heart disease, diabetes
Alzheimer’s, dementia
lung cancer malaria HIV/AIDS Disease type
obesity-related diseases
degenerative diseases
neoplastic (cancers); respiratory (lung-related)
parasitic diseases
infectious diseases
C
Explain that this activity will help students to see how synonyms are often used to vary the vocabulary used in a text.
1. Explain that in this exercise, there are many cases where either of two words can be used to fi ll the space without signifi cantly changing the meaning.
5.1_C1
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Feed back visually as a class by fi lling in the spaces. You could use the PDF provided.
Remind students that synonyms don’t always have exactly the same meaning. Highlight the example of prognosis and prediction: prognosis is usually used in a medical sense, whereas prediction is used in a more general sense.
Answers
Disease occurs | happens when there are variations | changes in the normal | usual structure or function | role of the body, causing problems or discomfort to the patient.
Disease can be caused by:
• external factors | reasons – also called environmental
• internal factors – also called genetic
Diseases can be put into a number of categories | groups:
85
2. Tell students to use their dictionaries, if necessary, to check the grammatical information.
Answers Word 1
abnormal categories changes detect
Part of speech
adj
n [C] n [C] v [T]
development n factors
function happens normal
[C/U] n [C]
n [C] v [I] adj
prediction n [C/U]
Word 2 Part of speech
unnatural groups
variations fi nd
growth reasons
role
occurs usual
prognosis adj
n [C] n [C] v [T]
Words with similar meanings
unusual type
diff erences discover
n [C/U] increase n [C]
causes
n [C] v [I] adj
n [C] purpose
takes place natural forecast
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