12.2 Reading
12.2_D
Elicit answers, and feed back as a class. Refer to the PDF to show students the location of each answer in the text.
Answers
4 New technology was developed in order to map the human genome.
7 Scientists began to understand links between the eff ectiveness of a treatment and genetic information relating to an individual and their microbiome.
1 DNA’s reproductive role was identifi ed by Miescher.
5 Research into the impact of environmental factors on DNA reproduction increased rapidly.
2 T e signifi cance of Mendel’s research began to be understood.
3 T e structure of DNA was identifi ed.
6 Scientists realized genetic inheritance was more complex than had previously been assumed.
E Set for individual work and pairwork checking.
12.2_E
Elicit answers from the class and feed back. You could give students the blank table provided in the PDF to fi ll in.
Students will likely identify the fi rst sentence of each paragraph as the topic sentence. For the fi rst two paragraphs this is suffi cient, but for the other three paragraphs additional sentences are needed to complete the main idea of the paragraph.
You may want to explain to students that the format of this text is diff erent from a standard essay, as each paragraph has a heading. In an essay, the topic sentence has the function of showing the reader what the paragraph will be about. In this text (as in most journal articles), the headings tell the reader what each section will be about, so the topic sentence does not need to be as focused.
4 2 3
Answers Paragraph Topic sentence(s)
1
T e development of genetics and genomics as a fi eld of scientifi c knowledge has taken place over a very long period of time.
T e next major step forward in genetic knowledge was the Human Genome Project, which began in 1990.
As the Human Genome Project fi nished sequencing human DNA, it seemed all of the secrets of how life develops were about to be revealed.
Although some researchers classifi ed the other 98% of genes as ‘junk’, it seemed likely that they had some function.
T e realization that this non-coding DNA somehow controlled or regulated how the coding genes produced proteins led to a rapid growth in research into epigenetics (‘above genetics’) to try to understand how this process worked.
T e technological advances made during the Human Genome Project made it possible to launch a project to map all of the life forms which live in and on the human body. T e Human Microbiome Project began in 2007.
T e knowledge gained from these projects shows that the study of genetics cannot be confi ned to studies of cells in the human body alone, but must also consider the genetic aspects of the microorganisms which live in and on the body.
5
Recent decades have seen a very rapid growth in knowledge about the link between genetics and life itself. Many benefi ts have already emerged from this research, and there will be many more in future decades.
some of the possible future benefi ts from genomics
the Human Microbiome Project and its importance
Summary
the history of genetics and genomics
description of the Human Genome Project
gaps in knowledge revealed by the Human Genome Project which led to the growth of epigenetics as a fi eld of study
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