10.1 Vocabulary
well as its use in medical writing, is given in Vocabulary Bank 10.2. Set for individual work and pairwork checking.
LANGUAGE NOTE ‘Neutral’ words and ‘marked’ words One way of looking at vocabulary is to think about neutral and marked items. Many words in English are ‘neutral’, i.e., they are very common and they do not imply any particular view on the part of the writer or speaker. However, there are often apparent synonyms which are ‘marked’ for stance and opinion. Neutral words are usually thought of as basic vocabulary (the adjectives often have opposites, e.g., big/small; light/dark). Marked words tend to be less frequent and are therefore learnt later.
Feed back visually using the table below, and discuss any diff erences of opinion about whether words are marked and in what sense they are marked.
Answers Neutral
'rise
'drop 'large
'very 'small sub'stantial suc'cessfully E
1. Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Make sure that students understand any words they are not sure of. Feed back with the whole class by asking individual students to each read out a sentence. Make sure that the pronunciation and stress patterns of the marked words are correct.
Answers
… In the fi rst experiment, mice from both groups were exposed to very large doses of infl uenza virus. It was clear that the diff erence between the two groups was signifi cant. Only a very small number (8%) of the experimental group died, while a very large number (83%) of the controls died. In a second experiment, mice from both groups were put in conditions that would normally cause stomach cancer. In the experimental group, the number of T-cells available
Marked 'rocket 'plummet
e'normous, 'huge, 'massive
ex'tremely, 'sharply, 'steeply
'tiny
out'standing, sig'nifi cant, re'markable
'brilliantly
Part of speech
verb verb
adjective adverb
adjective adjective
adverb
Evidence from the literature indicates …
T e consensus is that …
It was clear that …
… were undoubtedly …
It is generally accepted that …
It is not clear … Closure
VOCABULARY BANK 10.1 Compound nouns from medical science (3)
Ask pairs or groups to defi ne three of the compound nouns from medicine in Vocabulary Bank 10.1 as accurately as they can. Give them a few minutes to think of their defi nitions; then feed back and discuss them as a class.
201 ü ü ü ü ü
to fi ght the cancer rose steeply; in the control group, the number fell sharply. A very small proportion of experimental mice developed tumours, whereas a very large proportion of controls did. T e diff erences in results were undoubtedly due to gut bacteria. It is generally accepted that this experiment successfully shows that gut bacteria can aff ect responses to infl uenza and stomach cancer in laboratory mice. It is not clear to what extent these fi ndings apply to humans.
2. Put the table from the Answers section on the board or hand out copies of the PDF. Make sure that students understand the word tentative. Elicit answers from the whole class, and complete the table.
10.1_E
VOCABULARY BANK 10.3 Recognizing levels of confi dence in research or information
Read the examples in Vocabulary Bank 10.3 and point out that tentative phrases are usually found in conversation or in informal writing. Academic writing requires writers to show degrees of confi dence and tentativeness. T e mechanisms for this will be covered in the next lesson.
Answers
Very confi dent
Fairly confi dent
ü
Tentative (not confi dent)
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