11.1 Vocabulary
Answers
ethical principles
responsibilities of doctors
examples
nonmalefi cence, autonomy, benefi cence, justice
do no harm to the patient, empower patients to make their own decisions, do good to the patient, treats patients consistently and fairly
doctor checks for allergies when administering a drug, doctor helps patients choose between drug or operation, doctor treats patient with best available drug, doctor follows legal rules when treating patients
2. Set for pairwork, and elicit answers from the class. If it is not clear which principle is being applied, make a note and tell students to return to it later in the unit. Elicit and feed back the answers.
Add some of the examples to the PDF and share it with the class.
Suggested answers
• nonmalefi cence: doctor does not try out new procedures or drugs on patients unless as part of a clinical trial where the patient consents
• autonomy: doctor provides full and accurate information on potential harm and benefi ts of new drug (as part of obtaining informed consent)
• benefi cence: doctor advises on life-damaging behaviour such as smoking, even though patient has come in for unrelated condition
• justice: doctor treats patients in order of how sick they are and not how much they can pay
B 1. Set for individual work and pairwork checking.
11.1_B1–3 fi rstly Elicit feedback visually, building the table in the PDF.
VOCABULARY BANK 11.1 Linking phrases
If students need a reminder, some examples of linking phrases and how to use them in a sentence are shown in Vocabulary Bank 11.1.
2. Elicit what is meant by ‘within’ and ‘between’ sentences: within-sentence linking phrases join clauses in a sentence, and between-sentence linking phrases connect two sentences. Demonstrate with examples, and underline the relevant linking phrases.
for example
moreover
one result is that
secondly so
Within a sentence: Carrying out clinical trials has become more diffi cult because informed consent must now be obtained from each volunteer.
Between sentences: Legislation has been passed in the UK regarding clinical trials. As a result, cases of negligence are becoming less common.
Elicit answers from the students and feed back, building the table in the PDF.
LANGUAGE NOTE Within- and between-sentence linking phrases Within-sentence linking phrases may be placed at the beginning of the sentence with a comma after the fi rst clause:
Because patient consent must now be obtained from each volunteer, carrying out clinical trials has become more diffi cult.
Although between-sentence linking phrases are described above as joining two sentences, they can also link two independent clauses joined by coordinating words, such as and or but: Informed consent must now be obtained from each volunteer and, as a result, carrying out clinical trials has become more diffi cult.
3. Elicit suggestions for synonyms, and feed back visually, adding to the table in the PDF.
Answers
Linking phrase
Purpose Within/ Between sentences
as a result discussing reasons and results
because fi nally
discussing reasons and results
building an argument
building an argument
building an argument
building an argument
discussing reasons and results
building an argument
discussing reasons and results
between within between between
between/ within
between between between
between/ within
Similar phrases consequently as lastly
to begin with, to start with, for one thing
for instance furthermore
one consequence of this is that, because of this
next, then
therefore, thus, hence
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