92 MARINE INGREDIENTS
and that HA has different biological functions in the dermis and the epidermis. The mRNA expression of HAS-2 and -3 can be stimulated by growth factors, which activates keratinocyte migration and stimulates wound healing, leading to the accumulation of intermediate- sized HA, both extra-cellular and intra-cellular, to keratinocytes. The migratory response of keratinocytes
in wound healing is stimulated by increased synthesis of HA. Dysregulated expression of the various HA synthases has been reported in the pathophysiology of many skin conditions, as well as during tissue injury.
Ageing Healthy skin tissue undergoes constant self- renewal and the human epidermis replenishes itself every four weeks.6
Its functional decline is
a visible consequence of ageing, which is due to both intrinsic (genetic and chronological) and extrinsic (exposome) ageing factors. Understanding the phenomenon with
respect to human skin ageing requires in-depth knowledge of the cellular, molecular, epigenetic and functional properties of various types of skin cell. Therefore, an in-depth cellular and molecular understanding of human skin ageing is of biomedical and clinical significance. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis and dynamic organotypic modelling has accelerated this field of research and our understanding of the mechanisms involved. One of the most dramatic histochemical
changes observed in ageing and senescent skin is the marked disappearance of epidermal HA, while it is still present in the dermis. The reasons for this change are unknown. As mentioned above, the synthesis of epidermal HA is influenced by the underlying dermis and is under separate controls from the synthesis of dermal HA. Progressive reduction of the size of the HA
polymers in skin as a result of ageing has also been reported. Thus, the epidermis loses the principal molecule responsible for binding and retaining water molecules, resulting in loss of skin moisture. In the dermis, the major age-related change
is the increasing avidity of HA with tissue structures with the concomitant loss of HA extractability. This parallels the progressive cross-linking of collagen and the steady loss of collagen extractability with age. All of these age- related phenomena contribute to the apparent dehydration, atrophy, loss of elasticity and laxity that characterises aged skin. HA homeostasis, kinetics and dynamics
differ between intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing. Further research is necessary on HA metabolism in the epidermal and dermal layers and on the characterisation of HA interactions within the skin. This knowledge will inform our ability to modulate skin moisture in a targeted manner, and will contribute to the development of therapeutics and novel treatments for skin conditions and ageing.7
Marine minerals & magnesium Macro-minerals and micro-trace elements are vital for healthy physiological function, supporting the development, maintenance,
PERSONAL CARE April 2022 Figure 2: Effect of magnesium supplementation on HAS-2 & -3 in human keratinocytes
repair and function of all cells and tissue. Deficiencies in macro-minerals and micro- trace elements can lead to premature ageing, immune dysfunction and susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. These essential minerals may be obtained
from many different food sources, including nuts, fruits, vegetables and meat. One of the best sources of some essential minerals is deep (at least 200 meters) sea water. Deep sea minerals (DSMs) are minerals elements extracted from depths of between 250 and 1500 meters. Deep sea water contains over 70 mineral
nutrients and trace elements, including magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, selenium, chromium and vanadium, in their bio-ionic form. These are readily bioavailable and optimal for biofunctionality. To extract the products as DSMs, the water can be treated via various processes in order to desalinate it and to concentrate minerals and trace elements, principally magnesium. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant
cation in the human body. It is involved in several essential physiological, biochemical and cellular processes regulating cardiovascular and immune function, stem cell mobilisation and differentiation, epigenetic modifications, chromatin architecture, inflammageing and the development and progression of many chronic illnesses. As a nutraceutical supplement, magnesium
is well recognised for its health benefits. One of its most important functions is producing energy as a co-factor to ATP, making it vitally important for all cellular functions and processes. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve functions, keeps the heart rhythm regular, supports a healthy immune system, and is vital for connective tissue and bone health. It is effective in addressing many common pathologies, including fibromyalgia, chronic pain, diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and migraine headaches. Numerous studies have demonstrated that
magnesium supplementation and correction of deficiency has improved the aforementioned conditions. Indeed, age- and lifestyle-related hypomagnesia correlate exactly with a multitude of chronic inflammatory conditions. However, most people do not have sufficient
levels for optimal health. A gradual depletion of nutrients from our soils has left many crops and vegetables with lower levels of magnesium. Moreover, magnesium is often depleted by various common conditions (IBS and Crohn’s disease), medications (proton pump inhibitors and diuretics) and lifestyle (stress, obesity, alcohol, caffeine, age, etc.). The importance of magnesium has been emphasised recently with the publication of the ‘magnesome’.8
The human genome
encodes some 1,341 magnesium-binding protein structures, which corresponds to 387 specific sequences. At a molecular level, this annotates some 13,689 residues in 3,751 human gene sequences as ‘magnesium binding’. At a genome level, 3,751 genes out of 19,000
to 20,000 protein-encoding human genes encode proteins that bind and/or require magnesium to function. This number does not include the genes that magnesium itself regulates at transcriptomic or epigenomic expression level. For this reason, magnesium is now seen as
one of the three life essentials, alongside air and water. Currently, enzymatic databases list over 600 enzymes for which Mg2
+ serves as a
cofactor, with an additional 200 in which it may act as activator.9
DSMs & skin health Recent published studies by our group have highlighted the important beneficial effects of DSMs rich in magnesium on a thermally injured skin model.10
The magnesium mineral complex
(MXC) was effective in preventing tissue necrosis, maintaining viable tissue. XCelligence real-time cellular analysis on
primary human dermal cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts and micro-vascular endothelials)
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