GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
Mitochondria: Tiny organelles in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Mixture: Two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined.
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms bonded together to form an element or compound.
Moon: A celestial object that orbits a planet.
Motion: When an object moves, it is said to be in motion. Mutation: Any change in a gene.
Natural selection: Describes how the organisms best suited to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce.
Neutral: Describes chemical substances that do not have the properties of acids or bases.
Neutralisation: When the pH of an acidic solution is increased by mixing it with a base.
Neutrons: Uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus.
Newton meter: An instrument used to measure force.
Non-contact forces: Any forces that do not have to touch an object to move it.
Non-renewable: Energy sources that will eventually run out.
Nuclear fission: The most commonly used type of nuclear power. The nuclei of atoms of radioactive material, e.g. uranium, are split by neutrons. A huge amount of heat energy is released.
Nuclear fusion: When the nuclei of atoms are joined together to release energy.
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell.
Nutrition: One of the characteristics of all living things. Needing and getting food.
Oesophagus: Where swallowed food is pushed through on its way to the stomach. Also known as the food pipe.
Offspring: The organisms produced by living things.
Ohm’s law: States that the current that flows through a conductor is directly proportional to its voltage.
Ohmmeter: An instrument used to measure resistance.
Omnivore: Animals that eat both plants and animals.
400 Elements of Science
Opisometer: Looks like a mini trundle wheel and is used to measure short, curved lengths, e.g. lines on a map.
Orbit: The path that a celestial object follows around another celestial object.
Organ: Groups of tissues that work together.
Organelles: Small structures in cells that carry out particular roles.
Organism: A living thing. All organisms are made up of cells.
Pancreas: Where the digestive enzymes that pass into the small intestine are produced.
Parallel circuit: When the current can flow between the two terminals of a battery by taking different paths through the components.
Particles: Very small matter that makes up everything.
Pathogen: Any micro-organism that causes disease.
Pedigree chart: A type of family tree that shows patterns of inheritance.
Percentage frequency: The percentage chance of a species being present in a habitat.
Periodic table: Groups the elements together to show patterns in their properties.
Periods: The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table.
pH scale: A scale used to record how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
Phenotype: The combination of genes that a person inherits is called their genotype. The way these genes show themselves is called their phenotype.
Photosynthesis: A biochemical process in which plants absorb energy directly from the Sun to make their food.
Physical change: When matter changes shape or state but no new substance is formed.
Physical quantity: Anything that can be measured with a measuring instrument.
Placenta: A temporary organ that allows substances to pass between the pregnant person’s blood and the blood of the the embryo or foetus.
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