Pregnancy begins when an embryo implants in the uterus wall. The embryo continues to grow and develop in the uterus. The embryo is protected by an amniotic sac filled with fluid. After 8 weeks of development, the embryo becomes a foetus and takes on a more human form.
During this time, the placenta also develops. The placenta is a temporary organ that allows substances to pass between the pregnant person’s blood and the blood of the embryo or foetus:
• Oxygen and food enter the placenta :Fig. 12.6 A human embryo
• Carbon dioxide and other waste are removed from the blood of the embryo or foetus through the placenta
The placenta is linked to the embryo or foetus by an umbilical cord. A typical human pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks (around 9 months).
Uterus wall
Amniotic sac
Placenta
Umbilical cord
)Fig. 12.7 The
placenta attached to the wall of the uterus
? TEST TUBE
8. Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Identify whether the following statements are true or false:
a. Oxygen diffuses from the pregnant person’s blood to the blood of the embryo or foetus. b. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the pregnant person’s blood to the blood of the embryo or foetus. c. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the embryo or foetus to the pregnant person’s blood. 9. Explain the difference between the terms ‘embryo’ and ‘foetus’.
10. With reference to the function of the placenta, explain why it is important for a person to avoid toxic substances, e.g. cigarettes and alcohol, during pregnancy.