6. Using the following information, create a timeline for the classroom showing how our understanding of atoms has evolved over time:
• 1913: Niels Bohr suggests that electrons are found in shells around the nucleus. • 1919: Ernest Rutherford discovers the proton. • 400 BCE: Democritus suggests that all things are made of particles.
• 1931: Ernest Walton and John Cockcroft discover that the nuclei of atoms can be split to form new elements.
• 1932: James Chadwick proves that neutrons exist. • 1911: Ernest Rutherford discovers the nucleus. • 1805: John Dalton suggests that atoms of the same element are alike. • 1897: J. J. Thomson discovers the electron.
• Today: Research on the structure of the atom is taking place at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, in Switzerland.
7. Describe a model that you used to show the structure of an atom.
a. In your description, outline what you used to illustrate the protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus and energy levels.
b. Outline how this model is useful. c. Explain the limitations of the model you created.
8. Write the electronic configuration and draw a Bohr model of the following atoms: a. hydrogen b. magnesium c. neon d. phosphorus
9. Copy the table below and use the periodic table to complete it: Mass
Atomic number
number
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electron
14 Lithium 19 45
10. Use your knowledge of isotopes to answer the following questions about the isotopes of boron (boron–10 and boron–11):
a. What is the atomic number of boron? b. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does isotope B–10 have? c. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does isotope B–11 have? d. What do the isotopes have in common? e. How do the isotopes differ? f. Draw the Bohr model of the atom for each isotope.