76 MARINE INGREDIENTS
molecule selectivity can range from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, according to their affinity with the solvent. The constituents of NaDES occur naturally in microbes, mammals and plant cells.7
Some are
used for fundamental cellular and organismic functions or for energy storage. At high concentrations, these constituents can combine to form a third type of liquid within the cell, alongside water and lipids, that resembles NaDES.4 Examples of such liquids include honey, which
is a mixture of glucose, fructose and sucrose, or maple syrup, which consists of glucose, fructose, sucrose, malic acid and water.7
These liquids may be
involved in the solubilisation, storage and transport of essential metabolites, as well as small quantities of water. This might enhance survival during dehydration, gel formation or germination.4,8,9 For instance, high concentrations of choline
and sucrose have been identified in dormant barley seedlings.9
NaDES could also be present
in seaweed, as these organisms contain several NaDES-forming compounds, such as polyols, sugars, amino acids, and choline derivatives. NaDES could facilitate the survival of seaweed
during prolonged periods of tidal-induced dehydration by retaining water and protecting molecules from degradation. This could also explain the reported protective action of NaDES towards active compounds such as polyphenols and pigments after extraction.10,11,12
Indeed,
molecules extracted from seaweed using NaDES would remain in a similar protective environment to that of the original seaweed.
Ingredient specificity – seaweed We applied the NaDES marine technology to the green macroalga Codium tomentosum (Codiaceae, Bryopsidales, Chlorophyceae). This was the first time NaDES had been used to extract compounds from seaweed. Codium tomentosum has a thick, cylindrical thallus that branches out in dichotomous ramifications and ends in rounded tips (Figure 1), and can grow to between 30 and 40 cm in length. It is typically found on exposed rocks or deep rock pools in the lower intertidal zone.13 This seaweed is of particular interest due to its siphonous coenocytic structure. Indeed, it possesses only one giant multinucleated cell, allowing fast and efficient tissue regeneration through the formation of a gelatinous plug around the wound, which repairs the damaged membrane and forms a new cell wall.14
T0
Figure 1: Codium tomentosum
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Glucose 1% Extract 0.1% Extract 0.3% Extract 1% Extract 3%
Figure 2: Increase in the optical density at 600nm relative to the negative econtrol (%), indicating a higher bacterial population after a 24h incubation for the positive control (glucose) and the active at four concentrations. Significant differences compared to the negative control determined by Student t-test are indicated by stars (***) p<0.001
The use of the NaDES marine technology on
Codium tomentosum resulted in the extraction of sulphated arabinogalactans. These sulphated polysaccharides are involved in the formation of the cell walls, participate in cell interaction and adhesion, form a protective barrier against pathogens and retain moisture during dehydration.15
Skin microbiota balance/ modulation The skin is the largest organ in the human body and constitutes the body’s first physical barrier
Control Extract 1%
against the external environment. It is home to 1012
microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and
viruses belonging to over 500 species, collectively known as the microbiota. Consumers are increasingly recognising the
importance of the skin microbiota for skin health and beauty. Indeed, they play a crucial role in protecting the skin against infections, regulating the immune system, and maintaining the skin barrier functions.16,17 Among the wide diversity of skin
microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium that is considered beneficial due to its positive effects on the skin. It protects against pathogenic infections by producing antimicrobial substances, helps to repair the skin barrier, participates in the host’s innate immune system and regulates inflammation.17,18 Cutibacterium acnes is another key skin
S. epidermidis ■ S. aureus ■ C. acnes ■
Figure 3: Distribution of the three bacterial strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes and S. aureus, before (T0) and after washing and a 20-hour incubation period for the control and the extract at 1% as percentage of the total bacterial load
PERSONAL CARE MAGAZINE April 2026
bacterium that is mainly present in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. It modulates the immune response and regulates sebum production under normal conditions, but is associated with acne in cases of dysbiosis.16,18 Finally, Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that is naturally present in small quantities on healthy skin. However,
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Increase in optical density relative to the negative control (%)
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