ANTI-AGEING 51
of unique polysaccharides [StrataPhix POLY] indicates that the blend, used at 3%, can accelerate skin barrier repair on skin previously disrupted by aggressive tape stripping and can extend skin hydration out to 48 hours compared against placebo controls. Implications of these benefits to improvements in skin appearance and diminishment of inflammation-induced skin ageing are likely but would require longer term studies to fully confirm.
Conclusions The skin remains a strategic target for cosmetic and therapeutic treatments intended to retard the ageing process. Skin ageing driven through chronic inflammation is called inflammaging and has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism of skin’s visible ageing. Inherent in the inflammation process is the skin’s response to exogenous threats via the innate immune response which starts with NLRP inflammasome activation, formation of the NLRP Inflammasome Complex and expression of active Caspase-1. As noted by the studies by Li et al., activation of the NLRP Inflammasome complex even takes place in sebocytes. This suggests that it is possible that most skin cells express NLRP Inflammasome proteins and respond to exogenous threats. Li et al. demonstrated that live P. acnes activates NLRP inflammasomes suggesting that the interplay between the skin’s innate immune response and the skin’s microbiome is likely the point where skin irritation and inflammation start.4
The NLRP
Inflammasomes are the key that turns on the engine of skin inflammation. Initiation of the inflammasome response then leads to the release of reservoirs of IL-1 and IL-18 that, further initiate downstream responses such as release of T-cells and dendritic immune response cells. Certainly, control of these downstream responses remains a key target for investigation of serious skin maladies, but the importance of the more upstream responses driven through inflammasome activation are just beginning to become appreciated in human health. It may be that by controlling the constant activation of skin cells’ inflammasome activation, it may be possible to slow the skin’s ageing processes. Knowing that the NLRP inflammasomes are a strategic skin target to address will help in this effort.
PC
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April 2020
Figure 16: Generalized schematic image of an NLRP Inflammasome Complex. [Adapted from Ref 19]
Figure 15: Schematic of DAMP and PAMP inflammation pathways initiated by NLRP inflammasome through release of active Caspase-1. [Adapted from ref 12]
3 Faustin B, Reed JC. Sunburned skin activates inflammasomes. Trends Cell Biol 2008;18:4-8.
4 Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, MS, et al. Propionibacterium acnes Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134,2747–2756
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9 Gruber JV, Holtz R. In vitro expression of NLRP- induced Caspase-1 in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK) by various exogenous threats and subsequent inhibition by blends of naturally derived anti-inflammatories. J Inflamm Res. 2019:12 219–230.
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13
https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=1LsNDeDypcA
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