INTERVERTEBRAL JOINT POLARITY IN SAUROPODS


Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and by a University of Michigan Associate Professor Support Fund award to J.A.W.


Literature Cited


Alexander, R. M. 1989. Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants. Columbia University Press, New York.


Allain, R., N. Aquesbi, J. Dejax, C. Meyer, M. Monbaron, C. Montenat, P. Richir, M. Rochdy, D. Russell, and P. Taquet. 2004. A basal sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Morocco. Comptes Rendus Palevol 3:199–208.


Baulot, E., F. Sirveaux, and P. Boileau. 2011. Grammont’s idea: the story of Paul Grammont’s functional surgery concept and the development of the reverse principle. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 469:2425–2431.


Bird, R. T. 1941. A dinosaur walks into the museum. Natural History 47:74–81. Bonaparte, J. F., W.-D. Heinrich, and R. Wild. 2000. Review of Janenschia Wild,with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the sauropoda. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 256:25–76. Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 37:1–64.


Calvo, J. O., and L. Salgado. 1995. Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov.: a new Sauropoda from the Albian–Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae. Gaia 11:13–33. Coombs, W. P. 1975. Sauropod habits and habitats. Palaeogeo- graphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17:1–33.


Crisco, J. J., and M. M. Panjabi. 1991. The intersegmental and multi- segmental muscles of the lumbar spine: a biomechanical model comparing lateral stabilizing potential. Spine 16:793–799. Dimery, N., R. M. Alexander, and K. A. Deyst. 1985. Mechanics of the ligamentum nuchae of some artiodactyls. Journal of Zoology 206:341–351.


Epoxy Technology, Inc. 2012. EPO-TEK® 301 Technical Data Sheet. Billerica,Mass.


Fick, L. 1845. Physiologische Anatomie des Menschen. Christian Ernst Kollman, Leipzig.


Fick, R. 1890. Ueber die FormderGelenkflächen.Archiv fürAnatomie und Physiologie, Anatomische Abteilung 1890:391–402.


——. 1904. Handbuch der Anatomie und Mechanik der Gelenke unter Berücksichtigung der bewegenden Muskeln. Erster Teil: Anatomie der Gelenke. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany. Fronimos, J. A., and J. A. Wilson. 2013. Function and polarity of concavo-convex articulations in the vertebral centra of sauropod dinosaurs with implications for other vertebrates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts Book 2013:131.


Gatesy, S.M. 1991. Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16:170–186. Gosnold, W. D., and R. H. Slaughter. 1977. Procoelus versus opis- thocoelus vertebrae. Texas Journal of Science 28:355–356. Grammont, P. 1979. Place de l’ostéotomie de l’épine de l’omoplate avec translation, rotation, élévation de l’acromion dans les ruptures chroniques de la coiffe des rotateurs. Lyon Chirurgical 75:327–329.


Henke,W., andC.Reyher. 1874. Studien über die Entwickelung der Extremitäten des Menschen, inbesondere der Gelenkflächen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 70:217–273.


641


Hoffstetter, R., and J.-P. Gasc. 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. Pp. 201–310 in C. Gans, A. d. A. Bellairs, and T. S. Parsons, eds. Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 1. Morphology A. Academic, London.


Janensch, W. 1950. Die Wirbelsäule von Brachiosaurus brancai. Palaeontographica 1:27–93.


Janvier, P. 1996. Early vertebrates. Clarendon, Oxford. McIntosh, J. S. 1990. Species determination in sauropod dinosaurs with tentative suggestions for their classification. Pp. 53–69 in K. Carpenter, and P. J.Currie, eds. Dinosaur systematics: approaches and perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.


Nopcsa, F. 1930. Über prozöle und opisthozöle Wirbel. Anatomische Anzeiger 69:19–25.


Owen, R. 1859a. On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 29:153–166.


——. 1859b.On the vertebral characters of the order Pterosauria, as exemplified in the genera Pterodactylus (Cuvier) and Dimorphodon (Owen). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 149:161–169.


Patwardhan, A. G., R.M.Havey, K. P.Meade, B. Lee, and B.Dunlap. 1999. A follower load increases the load-carrying capacity of the lumbar spine in compression. Spine 24:1003–1009.


Pollard, H. B. 1892. On the anatomy and phylogenetic position of Polypterus. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 5:387–428.


Post, D. 1979. Photoelasticity. Pp. 176–192 in A. S. Kobayashi, ed. Manual on experimental stress analysis, 3rd ed. Society for Experimental Stress Analysis, Westport, Conn.


Powell, J. E. 2003. Revision of SouthAmerican titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 111:1–173.


Renous, S., J.-P. Gasc, V. L. Bels, and R.Wicker. 2002. Asymmetric gaits of juvenile Crocodylus johnstoni, galloping Australian crocodiles. Journal of Zoology 256:311–325.


Rosen, D. E., P. L. Forey, B. G. Gardiner, and C. Patterson. 1981. Lungfishes, tetrapods, paleontology, and plesiomorphy. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 167:159–276.


Roux, W. 1891. Rudolf Fick, Ueber die Form der Gelenkflächen. Biologisches Zentralblatt 11:188–189.


Russell, A, P., and A. M. Bauer. 1992. The m. caudofemoralis longus and its relationship to caudal autotomy and locomotion in lizards (Reptilia: Sauria). Journal of Zoology 227:127–143.


Salgado, L.,R.A.Coria, andJ. O. Calvo. 1997.Evolutionof titanosaurid sauropods. I: phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence. Ameghiniana 34:3–32.


Salisbury, S. W., and E. Frey. 2001.Abiomechanical transformation model for the evolution of semi-spheroidal articulations between adjoining vertebral bodies in crocodilians. Pp. 85–134 in G. C. Grigg, F. Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin, eds. Crocodilian biology and evolution. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, U.K.


Schwarz, D., E. Frey, and C. A. Meyer. 2007. Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52:167–188.


Sereno, P. C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2:1–53.


Slijper, E. J. 1946. Comparative biologic-anatomical investigations of the vertebral column and spinal musculature of mammals. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Sectie 2: 1–128.


Taylor, M. P., and M. J. Wedel. 2013. Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks. PeerJ 1:e36.


Troxell, E. L. 1925. Mechanics of crocodile vertebrae. Geological Society of America Bulletin 36:605–614.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192