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jha;tPL • ngg;gputup
February 2017 mlNgHl; Id;];Bd;: xU jiy rpwe;j tpQ;Qhdp
kdpj Fy tuyhw;wpl tpaf;fg;gl;l (Admired) nrlthf;F epiwe;j (Influ- ential)> jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j (Iconic) kpfg;gpurpj;jp ngw;w xU tpQ;Qhdpahf mlNgHl; Id;];Bd; fUjg;gLfpd;whH. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; jiyrpwe;j tpQ;QhdpahfTk;> xg;GaHtw;w mwpQ uhfTk; ,tH tpsq;Ftjw;F ,tH tFj; jikj;j rhHGf; nfhs;iffNs (Theo- ries of Relativity) fhuzkhFk;. Id;]; Bd; 1905l gpuRupj;j rpwg;G rhHG nfhs; ifAk; (Special Theory of Relativity) 1916l ntspapl;l nghJrhHG nfhs; ifAk; (General Theory of Relativity) ,aw;gpal tuyhw;wpl xU jpUg;G Kidiaf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,tuJ kjpA+fKk; Mw;wYk; cyf tpQ;Qhdp fis tpag;gpyho;j;jpd. ,tuJ ,e;j nfhs;if rpwpanjhU R+j;jpuj;jpw;Fs; mlf;fg;gl;lnjhU khngUk; tpQ;Qhd cz;ikahFk;. ,e;j tpjpKiwAk; mJ rhHe;j nfhs;iffSk; ,lyhJtpl;lhl tpz;ntsp Ma;tpid epidj;Jf;$l ghHf;fKbahJ NghapUf;Fk;.
200 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf Irf; epA+l; ld; (Isacc Newton) vd;w ,aw;gpal tpQ;Qhdpapd; Theory of Mechanics - ,af;ftpal Nfhl;ghL vd;w nfhs;if gad;ghl;bl ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,aw;gpal nfhs;iffspl Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. tpz; ntsp gw;wpa gy cz;ikfs; ,jd; %yk; ntspte;jd. thdpal epfo;Tfs; (Astronomical Phenomena) fz;lwpag; gl;ld. epA+l;Nuhd;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> fUj; Jisfs; (Black Holes) <Hg;G miy fs; (Gravitational waves) gw;wp tpQ;Qh dpfs; mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH. vdpDk; G+u zkhd ek;gpf;iffis Id;];Bdpd; Nfhl;ghL te;j gpd;dNu tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
,tuJ rpwg;Gr; rhHG nfhs;if> mwp tpal msitfs; rhHGilait vd; gij Jlypakhf fzpj R+j;jpukhf (Formula) $WfpwJ. fhyk; kw;Wk; ,lk; gw;wpa Gydpal fhl;rpfs; ahTk; Nehf;Fgtiu nghWj;jJ vd;gJ njsp thd cz;ik. Kd;dH ,e;j mfep iyf; fUj;Jfspd; gpd;Gyj;jpl cz; ikahd njhiyTfSk;> tuk;gw;w fhy Kk; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtw;iw Jlypa khd fUtpfis nfhz;L GwNehf;Fk; mstpl KbAk; vd;Wk;> ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; ek;gpdH. tuk;gw;w fhyk; vd;W vJTk; ,Ug;gij Id;];Bdpd; nfhs;if kWj;J mwptpaypl GJkhw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F gy cjhuzq;fs; $wyhk;. xUcjhuzj;ij ghHg;Nghk;. X vd;Dk; xU tpz;ntspf;fyk;> tpeh bf;F 100>000
fp.kPl;lH Ntfj;jpl G+kp apypUe;J tpyfpr; nrltjhf nfhs; Nthk;. ,jid tpz;ntspf;fyj;jpyp Ue;Jk; G+kpapypUe;Jk; mstpLfpwhHfs;. mtHfsJ mstPLfs; xj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,jw;fpilapl Y vd;Dk; tpz;ntspf; fyk; X vd;Dk; tpz;ntspf;fyk; nrl Yk; jpirapl> Mdhl mijtpl mjpf Ntfj;jpl nrlfpwJ. mg;NghJ Y vd; Dk; fyk; 180>000
fp.kPl;lH Ntfj;jpl nrltjhf G+kpapypUe;J fzpj;J nfhs; thHfs;. Y vd;w fyj;jpYs;stHfSk; mNj KbTf;Fj;jhd; tUthHfs;. xNu jpirapl nrltjhl ,uz;L fyq;f Sf;Fkpilapl 80>000
fp.kPl;lH vd;Wk;> Ntfkhf nrlYk; fyk; nkJthf nrl Yk; fyj;ijtpl ,jd; Ntf tPjj;jp- NyNa tpyfpr; nrlYk; vd KbT Vw; gLk;.
Mdhl> ,U tpz;ntspf; fyq;fspyp Ue;Jk; fhl;rpg;gjptPLfis nra;Ak; NghJ> me;j ,U fyq;fSf;Fkpilapl
cs;s njhiyT 80>
000fp.kP vd;w tpfp jj;jpl ,lyhkl> tpehbf;F 1>000>000
fp.kPw;wH vd;w tPjj;jpl mjpfupg;gij ,U fyq;fspYKs;stHfs; xg;Gf;nfhs; thHfs; vd Id;];Bd; rhHG nfhs;if Cfpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. tpz;ntspf; fyq; fSf;F ntspNa ,Ue;J kjpg;gpl;lhl ,J nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,JNt cz;ik vd;fpwJ. kpfr; rpf;f yhd ,f;Nfhl;ghL gw;wp mDgtpj;Jg; ghHj;jhNyNa GupAk;.
fz;fl;L tpj;ij vd;gJ Nghl Njhd; wpbDk; ,e;epfo;T cz;ikahdJ. tpz;ntsp fg;glfspd; fl;LkhdNkh mtw;iw nrYj;Jtjw;F gad;gLk; tpirfNsh ,jpl ,e;j KbTfSld; rk;ge;jg;gltpliy. fhl;rpg;gjptPLf- spl vitNaDk; jtWfNsJk; Neu tpliy. mstpLk; fUtpfspYk; Nfhsh Wfs; ,liy. Vkhw;WNtiyfs; ,liy. fhyk;> ,lk; ,uz;bdJk; mbg;gil
,tH tpz;ntsp tisT gw;wp fzpj tbtj;jpl tpsf;fpdhH. gy R+upa fpu fzq;fs; Jlypakhf msf;fg;gl Kbe;jjw;F ,tuJ fz;Lgpbg;GfNs fhuzkhFk;.
Id;];Bd; nghJr;rhHG nfhs;ifapl Kd;ida tpQ;QhdpfSila Nfhl;gh LfisAk; ,ize;Js;shH. nrlnyh Oq;F (Symmetry) fzpj NeHj;jp (Mat hematical Elegance) Mfpatw;iw gFj; jwpT Kiwapl tFj;jhH. ,jw;F Kd;G tFf;fg;gl;l vlyhf; Nfhl;ghLfis Ak; tpl rpwg;ghdJk;> Mw;wl tha;e; jJk;> NeHj;jpahdJk; ,JthFk;. kw;w Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghy ,J jtwpr; nrl ytpliy. ,jdhl jhd; ,d;Wtiu epiyngw;w tpQ;Qhdpahf Id;];Bd; jpfo;fpwhH.
Id;];Bd; jkJ rhHGf; nfhs;iff Sf;fhf Gfo; ngw;whYk; mtUila
- v];. gj;kehjd; -
iatpl mnkupf;fh Ke;jpf;nfhz;Ls; sJ njupatUfpwJ.
Id;];Bd; N[Hkdpapl cs;s ‘clk;’ (Ulm) vd;w efupl khHr; 14> 1879k; Mz;L gpwe;jhH. ,tH A+j ,dj;jtH. Muk;gj;jpl cs;@upl fltp fw;whH. ngw;NwhH ,j;jhypf;F ,lk; ngaHe;j NghJ kpyhd; kw;Wk; Pavia efuq;fspl fltp fw;whH. 1895 l Rtpl;]Hyhe;jpl FbNawp \{upr;rpl cs;s Swiss Fed- eral Polytechnic flY}upapl fltpiaj; njhlHe;jhH. fzpjKk;> ,aw;gpaYk; ,tuJ jdpj;Jtkhd ghlq;fshFk;.
,tH fltp fw;wiytpl Xtpaq;fs;> ,aw;ifia urpj;jhH vd;W $wg;gL fpwJ. ,tUila kPj;jpwd; (IQ) 140f;F Nkyhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. nrf;Nfh];Nyh thf;fpah>ngl[pak;>mT];jpupah Nghd;w ehLfSk; ,tuJ mwpthw;wYf;F cj tpAs;sd. mq;Fk; fltpiag; ngw;whH.
1905k; Mz;L jdJ fyhepjp gl;lj; jpid Rtpw;rHyhe;jpl ngw;Wf;nfhz;L MrpupaH njhopl nra;a Kad;whYk; Ma;Tj; JiwNa mtUf;F tpUg;gkh djhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhl rpwg;GrhH gpal> xsp kpd;tpisT> gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; (Brownian Motion) gw;wpnal yhk; fl;Liufis ntspapl;lhH. 1913l Humboldt ngHypd; glfiyf;fofj;jpl NguhrpupauhfTk;> Kaiser Wilhelm ,aw; gpal Ma;T$l ,af;FduhfTk; nral gl;lhH.
Id;];Bd; xU A+jH vd;gjhl N[Hk dpapl `pl;yH Ml;rpf;F te;jgpd; gy gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;lJ. 1933k; Mz;L ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawp mnkupf;fh epA+N[Hrp khfhzj;jplcs;s gpwpd;]; ld; efupl FbNawpdhH.
,algpd; tpisthfNt ,k;KbT Vw; gl;ljhf Id;];Bd; $wpdhH. ,jid gyH eilKiwf;F xj;Jtuhj xU fw;gidf; nfhs;if vd xJf;fpdH.
nghUz;ikAk;> Mw;wYk; xUtifapl rupepfuhdit. mjw;fpilapyhd njhlH gpid E=mc2
vd;w R+j;jpuk; %yk;
mwpfpNwhk;. E vd;gJ Mw;wl> M vd;gJ nghUz;ik. C vd;gJ xspapd; Ntfk; MFk;. ,jd; ,Ugb tHf;fk; (c2
) ,ijtpl kpfg; ngupa msT.
vdNt nghUz;ikapd; xU Ez;gFjp XusT cUkhw;wk; ngw;whl$l ms tw;w Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,e;j E=mc2 vd;w R+j;jpuj;ij kl;Lk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mZepiyaj;ij epWtKbahJ. vdp Dk; ,e;j R+j;jpuk; me;j Miyf;F mbg;gilahdjhFk;. ,tuJ MNyh rid mnkupf;fh mZFz;L jah upg;gjw;F cjtpAs;sJ. mnkupf;fh> `pNuh\pkh> ehfrhf;fp efHfspl Nghl;l Little Boy vdg; ngauplg;gl;l mZ Fz;L jahupg;gpl Id;];Bd; Neubah fg; gq;F nfhs;shtpbDk; mtUila Nfhl;ghL E=mc2
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Id;];Bdpd; ‘nghJr;rhHG Nfhl;ghL’ (Theory of General Relativity) vd;gJ midj;J cyf tpQ;QhdpfisAk; tpaf;f itj;jJ. ‘<Hg;ghw;wl tpisT fs;> ,aw;gpal tpirfspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLgit’ vd;gNj Kf;fpakhFk;.
kw;iwa mwptpal rhjidfSk; mt Uf;F Gfo; Njb je;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa xspkpd; tpistpd; tpjp (Law of Photoelectric Effect) ,t Uf;F ,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgl gupirg; ngw;Wj;je;jJ. xspapl kpd;fhe;j miyfs;mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd vd Kd;G $wg;gl;lJld; ,it xd; Wf;nfhd;W Nenujpuhdit vdTk; ek;gg;gl;L te; jJ. ,tH mf;nfhs;ifia khw;wp xspj;Jfs; gw;wp Gjpa fUj;jpid Kd; itj;jhH. miytPr;R Nfhl;ghl;bd; XHmq;fkhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ. mj;J ld; ‘Quantum’ vdg;gLk; ‘fjpupaf;fj;jpl Mw;wl miytPr;R Nfhl;ghl;bid’ cUthf;fTk; ,JNt fhuzkhapw;W. ,f;fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fhf 1922l mt Uf;F ,aw;gpal Nehgl gupR fpilj; jJ.
Id;];Bd; thdj;jpd; ePy epwj;Jf;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;W tpsf;fpdhH. 1926f; Fk; 1930f;Fk; ,ilapl cs;s Mz; Lfspl> Id;];Bd;> mtuJ Kd;dhs; khztH Leo Szilard cld; ,ize;J FspHrhjdg; ngl;bia cUthf;fpdhH. mJ Einstein Refrigerator vd mwpag; gl;lJ.
1933l mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp gpuhq;f;spd; &];ntll;Lf;F Id;];BDk; Vida ,aw;gpayhsUk; ,ize;J Fz;L jahupg;gjw;fhd J}z;Ljl fbjj;jpid vOjpapUe;jdH. ,jpypUe;J N[Hkdp
Mq;fpy tpQ;Qhdpfistpl xU N[Hkd; tpQ;Qhdp> mJTk; A+j tpQ;Qhdp ,aw;gpaypd; tuyhw;iwNa Ntfkila nra;Js;shH. cyf ehLfs; ,tuJ ,aw;gpaYf;fhf vj;jidNah tpUJ- fis toq;fpAs;sd. tpQ;Qhdk; kUj; Jtk;> jj;Jtk; Nghd;w Jiwfspl$l ,tUf;F tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1999l Time Magazine ‘Person of the cen- tury’ vd;w tpUJ mopj;Jf; nfsutpj; jJ.
gpwpd;];ud; itj;jparhiyapl 1955> Vg;ul 18l Id;];Bd; kuzkhdhH. Tho mas Harvey vd;Dk; itj;jpaH ,tuJ %isia mtUila FLk;gj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp clypl ,Ue;J mfw; wpg; ghJfhj;jhH. vjpHfhyj;jpl euk;gp alMuha;r;rp %yk; Id;];Bdpd; mrh jhuzj; jpwik gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s yhk; vd;W fUjpdhH. Id;];Bdpd; %isiag; gythW $W Nghl;L mtH Muha;r;rp nra;jhH.
murpal> kjk;> cyf mikjp> GJ tpQ;Qhdk;cil mikg;Gfs;> eifr; Rit> jd;dlf;fk; vlyhtw;wpYk; GJik fhl;ba Id;];Bd; taypd; ,irg;gjpYk; tlytH. ,tuJ Nkw; Nfhs;fs; gy cyf ngWkjp tha;e; jit. vj;jidNah ehLfspl gpurhT upik ngw;W tho;e;j ,e;j Gfo;ngw;w tpQ;Qhdpia ‘cyfpd; rpwe;j mzp- fyd;’ vd;W $wNtz;Lk;.
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