jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2017 jha;-kfs; cwT: ,
rq;f,yf;fpak; - fpNuf;f ,yf;fpak; njhlHgpl XH xg;gPL -ikjpyp jahepjp -
e;j xg;gPl;byf;fpaf; fl;Liu ,U ,yf;fpag; gpujpfspid (texts) Mjhukhff; nfhz; lJ: xd;W Mjp fpNuf;fftp
N`hkupdhl ,aw;wg;gl;ljhf ek;gg; gLk; tsg;gj;jpw;Fupa fpNuf;fg; ngz; nja;tkhd bkPw;wH kPJ ,aw;wg;gl;l Njhj;jpug;ghll (Homeric hymn to Demeter). kw;wJ rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpl> tpNrlkhf> Iq;FWE}w;wpl fhzg;gLk; cld;Nghf;fpidg; nghUshff; nfhz;l ghllfs;. ngz; jhd; tpUk;gpatidj; jpUkzk; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; rhj;jp aq;fs; ,lyhjNghJ> ngw;NwhHf;Fj; njupahJ mtDld; $br;nrlyl rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpl cld;Nghf;F vdg;gLk;. ntt;NtW gz;ghl;Lj; jsq;fspypUe;J Kfpo;g;gpDk;> epfo;r;rpg;Nghf;Ffs; tpj; jpahrkhdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> bkPw;wH Njhj;jpug;ghlYk;> Iq;FWE}w;W cld; Nghf;Fg; ghllfSk; jha;-kfs; gpupT> jha;-kfs; kPs;NrHf;if Fwpj;Jg; NgRt jd; %ykhfj; jha;-kfs; ,UtUf;fpil apl cs;s gpizg;gpid ntspg;gLj; Jfpd;wd vd;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; epiyg; ghlhFk;. bkPw;wH Njhj;jpug;ghlypl jha;-kfs; gpizg;gpid Neubahfj; njspthf mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf; fpd;wNghJ> Iq;FWE}w;W cld; Nghf; Fg; ghllfspl mJ NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; czHj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Todorov vDk; mikg;gpal ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsHcUthf;fpa vLj;Jiuf; fl;likg;gpd; (narrative structure) mbg; gilapl ,U gpujpfSk; xg;gplg;gL fpd;wd.
ngw;NwhH- Foe;ijfs; vDk; FLk;g mikg;gpl (m) je;ij-kfd;> (M) je;ij-kfs;> (,) jha;-kfd; vDk; %d;W tifahd cwTfs; ngw;w Kf;fpaj;J tksTf;Fj; jha;-kfs; cwT nghJ thf fiy> ,yf;fpa cyfpl ftdj; jpidg; ngw;wjpliy. Kjl %d;W cwTfspYk; Mz; ,lk; ngWfpd;whd;. Mdhl> ngz;fSf;fpilapl kl;LNk ahd FLk;g cwT jha;-kfs; cwT kl;LNk. mt;tifapl jha;-kfs; cw tpidg; gpujpgypf;Fk; bkPw;wH Njhj;jp ug;ghlYk;> rq;f ,yf;fpa cld;Nghf; Fg;ghllfSk; goikahd njhd;k> ,yf;fpa tof;Ffspw;Fg; Gweilahf ,Ug;gJld;> ngz;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs; njhlHghdit vd;w tif apl jw;fhyj;jpl kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
bkPw;wH Njhj;jpug;ghlYk;> Iq;FWE} Wk; fhyk;> mit gilf;fg;gl;l ,lk;> ,yf;fpatif vd;gtw;whl NtWgL fpd;wd. fpNuf;f Mz;> ngz; nja;tq; fspd; kPJ ghlg;gl;l> 33 ftpijfs; nfhz;l N`hkupd; ghf;fs; vDk; njhFjpapl ,lk;ngWk; bkPl;lH Njhj; jpug;ghll 495 tupfshyhdJ. bkPw;wH vDk; fpNuf;fg; ngz;nja;tk; jhdpaq; fs;> mWtil> gpwg;G-,wg;Gr; Row;rp vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlHGila tsg;gj; nja;tkhths;. khdplHf;Fg; gapHr; nra; ifapidmwpKfk; nra;jtSk; mtNs. mtSf;F ,izahd NuhkHfspd; ngz; nja;tk; nru]; (Ceres). fp.K. 7k; 6k; E}w;whz;Lfspl ,aw;wg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLk; bkPw;wH Njhj;jpug;ghll rka njhd;k ,yf;fpatifiar; rhHe; jJ flTsH> mtHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;> flTsUf;Fk;> khdplUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfs; gw;wpg; NgRtJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj; njhif E}lfSs; xd;whd Iq;FWE}Nwh khdplupd; tho;
tpal NgRk; ,yf;fpaE}l. ,jd; fhyk; %d;whk; E}w;whz;L vd;W ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpl nkhop ngaHj;j khHjh Md; nrlgp Fwpg;gpLthH. 3-6 mbfs; nfhz;l 500 ghllfs; nfhz;l mfj; jpiz E}yhd ,J kUjk; (1-100)> nea;jl (101-200)> FwpQ;rp (201-300)> ghiy (301-400)> Kliy (401-500> vDk; Ie;jpiz xt;nthd;wpYk; E}W ghll fs; nfhz;lJ. cld;Nghf;fpidg; nghU shff; nfhz;l ghllfs; ghiyj;jp izapl fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf> mfj;jpiz E}ypl ,lk;ngWk; ghll vJTNk ve;j xU MizNah> ngz; izNah ngaH Rl;bf; Fwpg;gpLt jpliy. mt;tifapl ,it jdpegH czHr;rp rhHe;j ghllfs; Mfh. khwhf> Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;jpw;F vd tiu aiw nra;ag;gl;l czHr;rpfs;> vz; zq;fs; vd;gtw;wpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhjyd;> fhjyp> fhjypapd; jha;> fhj ypapd; Njhop vDk; ‘ehlf’ ghj;jpuq; fspd; (dramatized narators) $w;Wf;fshf
“
wha;> nrtpypj;jha; NtWghLfs; ftdj; jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpliy.
jha;-kfs; cwT njhlHgpl bkPl;lH Njhj;jpug;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mt; cwT Fwpj;j mjd; NeHkiwahd (positive) ghHitapl jq;fpAs;sJ. ngw;NwhH-Foe;ijfs; cwT njhlH ghd Nkiyj;Njaf; fUj;Jj; njhFjp apd; kPJ nrlthf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fpNuf;f njhd;kq;fs; %d;whFk; (vyprh nflntz;l;> 2005). KjyhtJ je;ij vd;W mwpahJ mtidf; nfhd;W> jha; vd;W mwpahJ mtis kze;J> cz;ik njupe;j gpd;dH jd; fz;f isf; FUlhf;fpf; nfhz;L ehL tpl; NlFk; ,bg]; njhd;kk;. fpNuf;f ehl fhrpupad; nrhgf;fpsPrpd; (Sophocles) ehlfj;jpd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; ,j;njhd;kj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl g;Nuha;l; (Freud) ‘,bg]; nfhk;g;nyf;]; (Oedipus complex) vDk; csr;rpf;fw; nfhs;ifapid cUthf;fpdhH. ngw;
,yf;fpaj;jpl ,lk;ngWk; jha;-kfs;
gpupTk;> gpd; mtHfs; xd;W NrUtJk; r%ftpal Nehf;fpl Kf;fpakhdit. Mzhjpf;f> je;ijtopr; r%fj;jpl jpUkzk; vd;gJ ngz;iz xU Mzhjpf;ff; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J>
,d;ndhU Mzhjpf;ff; FLk;gj;jpw;Ff; ifkhw;WtjhFk;.
,g;ghllfs; mikfpd;wd. jdpg; ghll fshf tpsq;Fk; ,tw;wpl xU fijg; Nghf;fpid> mjhtJ jHf;f uPjpahd epfo;r;rpj; njhlHr;rpia milahsk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
jha;-kfs; cwT vDk; nrhw;njhlupl jha; vd;whl ahH vd;w tpsf;fj;jpid Kjypw; nfhLf;fNtz;baJ mtrpa khfpd;wJ. Vnddpl> nghJthfg; ngw;w jhia kl;Lk; xUtupd; jha; vd;w fUJk; tof;fKz;L. bkPl;lUf;Fk;> flTsH Nfhd; R+Rf;Fk; (Zeus) gpwe;j tNs Ngnrtdp. vdNt Ngnrtdpiag; ngw;w jha; (biological mother) bkPl;lH Mths;. vdpDk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiuapl> Foe;ijapidg; ngw; nwLg;gtNs jha; vd tiuaiw nra;jl nghUj;jkhdjd;W. Foe;ij fis tsHf;Fk; gzpapl <LgLtHf isAk; jha; vDk; toq;FtJz;L. <d;wjha;> Cl;Le;jha;> Kiyj;jha;> ifj;jha;> nrtpypj;jhnad Itifj; jhahHfis gpq;fs epfz;L Fwpg;gpLk;. <d;wjhia ew;wha; vdTk;> tsHg;Gj; jhiar; nrtpyp vdTk; njhlfhg;gpak; $Wk;. (‘jha; vdg;gLNths; nrtpyp MFk;’ -nghUsjpfhuk;> fstpal R+j; jpuk; 34). mfj;jpizapl kfSld; njhlHGw;w epiyapNyjhd; jhapid ew;wha;> nrtpypj;jha; vdj; njhlfhg; gpak; NtWgLj;JfpwJ. ,e;jg; ghFghL Gwj;jpizapl kfidg; nghWj;jt iuapl kiwe;J tpLfpd;wJ. ew;wha;> nrtpypj; jha; vd;gd jha;ikapd; ntt;NtW gupkhzq;fisf; Fwpf;fpd; wJ. Mifahl> ,f;fl;Liuapl ew;
NwhH-kfd; cwtpid Mjhukhff; nfhz;l ,j;njhd;kj;jpl kfs; ,lk; ngwtpliy. ,uz;lhtJ> nrhgf;fp- sPrpd; ,d;ndhU ehlfj;jpl ,lk;ng Wk; vnyf;uh njhd;kk;. jdJ fg;gl fs; jPq;fpd;wpf; fiuNrul Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj; jdJ xU kfisj; nja; tq;fSf;Fg; gypnfhLj;j mfkdd; kd;dd; kPJ Mj;jpuKw;w mtd; kidtp jd; fhjyd; %yk; mtidf; nfhl tpf;fpd;whs;. je;ijiaf; nfhd;wjhl jha; kPJ Mj;jpuKw;w mfkddpd; ,d; ndhU Gjltp vyf;uh jhiaj; jdJ vjpupahfNt fUJtJld;> jdJ rNfh jud; %ykhf mtisf; nfhltpf;fpd; whs;. ,j;njhd;kj;jpid mbg;gilah ff; nfhz;Nl> jha;> je;ij> kfs; %t Uk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ‘vnyf;uh nfhk;g; nyf;];’ (Electra complex) vDk; csr; rpf;fw; nfhs;ifapid g;Nuha;l; cU thf;fpdhH. jha; ntWg;gpidf; fUth ff; nfhz;l vnyf;uh njhd;kj;jpw;F Kuzhf> bkPl;lH Njhj;jpug;ghlw; njhd; kk; jha; - kfSf;fpilapyhd neUq; fpa cwtpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
”
bkPw;wH Njhj;jpug;ghlYf;Fk;> Iq;FW E}w;wpl fhzg;gLk; cld;Nghf;fpidg; nghUshff; nfhz;l ghllfSf;Fk; ,ilapl nghJthd vLj;Jiu Kiw (common narrative structure) xd;wpid mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. Todorov $Wk; vLj;Jiu Kiwapd; Ie;J gbepiyfspd; mbg;gilapl ,U gpujpfisAk; Nehf;fyhk;:
1.rkepiy
(A state of equilibrium): jhAk; kfSk; gpuptpd;wp ,Uj;jNy bkPl;lH Njhj;jpug;ghlypYk;> Iq;FW E}w;W cld;Nghf;Fg; ghllfspYk; Fwpg;ghl czHj;jg;gLk; rkepiy MFk;. bkPl;lH vDk; ngz; nja;tj; jpw;Fk;> flTsH Nfhd; R+Rf;Fk; gpwe;j Ngnrtdp NjhopaUld; Gw;wiuapl kyH gwpj;J tpisahbf;nfhz;bUf; fpd;whs; vd;w Fwpg;Gld; bkPl;lH Njhj;jpug;ghll Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ (4-7). Iq;FWE}w;W cld;Nghf;Fg; ghlypd; gpufhuk; (375)> jhapd; ghHitapl kfs; ghit> fpspAld; NjhopaNuhL tpis ahbj;jpupAk; rpW ngz;zhfNt tpsq; Ffpd;whs;.
2. rkepiy Fok;Gjl (A Disruption of that equilibrium by some action):
kfs; jhaplkpUe;J gpupjNy rkepiy Fok;Gtjw;Ff; fhuzk;. jha;-kfs; gpupT vd;gJ ,U gpujpfSf;FNk nghJth djhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mg;gpupT epfOk; R+o;epiyfs; ntt;Ntwhdit. R+]pd; rNfhjuDk;> ,we;jhH ciwAk; ghjhs cyfj;jpd;murDkhd N`b]; Ngnr tdpia> mts; je;ij R+]pd; mDk jpAlNd> Mdhl mtspd; jha; bkPl; lUf;Fj; njupahJ> gyte;jkhff; ftHe;J nrlfpd;whd;. ,J je;ijt opr; r%fj;jpl kfl;nfhil vd;gJ Mz;fspd; tptfhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijAk;> jhapd; rk;kjk; xU nghUl; lhff; nfhs;sj; Njitapliy vd;w kdg;ghq;fpidAk; Rl;LfpwJ. Mdhl> cld;Nghf;Fg; ghllfspl jiytp jhd; tpUk;gpaMltDld; tPl;il tpl; Lr; nrd;W tpLfpd;whs;. Iq;FWE}W 364tJ ghlypd; re;jHg;gk; ,t;thW tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ: ‘cld;Nghf;F eae;j jiykfd; mjidj; Njhopf;F czHj;j mts; Kbg;ghsha;r; nrhlypaJ.’ mjhtJ> cld;Nghf;fpid tpUk;GtJ jiytd;. mij mtd; Njhopf;F czHj;j> mts; jiytpia mjw;F ,zq;fitf;fpd;whs;. bkPw;wH Njhj;jp ug;ghlypl jha;-kfs; gpupT gyte;j khf epfo;j;jg;gl> Iq;FWE}w;wpl jiy td; Nkw;nfhz;l fhjYk;> jiytpapd; fhjYf;F mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fhikAk; jiytpiaj; jhiaAk;>
tPl;ilAk;
Jwf;fj; J}z;Lfpd;wd. jiytp fhjl tag;gl;likiaj; jha;f;Fj; Njhop kiwKfkhf czHj;jpapUe;jhs; (366> 367) vdpDk;> jhiaj; jiytp ‘mwdpl aha;’ (mwkplyhj vdJ jha;> 385) vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J jha; mts; fhjiy mq;fPfupf;ftpliy vd;gij Cfpf;fyhk;.
3.rkepiyFok;gpaij czH epiy (Recognition there has been a disruption):
4 nralepiy (Attempts to restpore the equilibrium):
%d;whtJk;> ehd;fhtJk; gbepiyfs; czHTk;> nralepiyAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGilait. rkepiy Fok;gpaJ vd;w njupe;j khj;jpuj;Nj jha; cld- bahfr; nraypl ,wq;Ffpd;whs;. jha; kfisj;NjlYk;> kfisg;gpupe;j mt spd; NrhfKk;> jdpikAk; ehd;fhtJ epiyAld; njhlHGila nraw;ghLk;>
njhlu;jy; 114k; gf;fk;
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