SKIN CARE 43 p<0.001, Mean+S.D. 400 p<0.01, Mean+S.D.


– 20% 300 80


200


100 40 Before After 2 months


Figure 4: Score change of conspicuous pores by VISIA calculate the number of pores at the beginning of the test as 100 and the number of pores after 2 months as the pore score.


suppression of inflammation. A 3D human skin model (reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)) manufactured by Japan Tissue Engineering Co., Ltd. (LabCyte EPI-MODEL24) was cultured in a 24-well plate containing an assay medium (500 μL) under a 5%-CO2


atmosphere in a


constant-temperature bath (37 ºC, 1 hour). We added the PVP-wrapped fullerenes (0%, 1.0%, 10%) to the cultured RhE, incubated it for 1 hour, and irradiated it with UVB (1,000 mJ / cm2


). After 3 minutes, we removed


the medium by suction, washed the cells three times with PBS, and replaced the medium with a new one to culture it for another 6 hours. We measured the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2


the culture solution using an ELISA kit (PGE2 EIA Monoclonal Kit, Cayman Chemical Company, MI).


Pigmentation caused by activation of melanocytes is said to be one of the causes of conspicuous facial pores. It is known that PGE2


, an inflammatory cytokine, activates


tyrosinase and promotes the dendritic formation of melanocytes, thereby enhancing melanogenesis and resulting in more noticeable facial pores. We, therefore, measured the inhibitory effects of fullerenes on the expression of PGE2


, which is


enhanced by UV irradiation, using a 3D human skin model (Fig 5). Irradiation of RhE with UVB (1,000 mJ / cm2


) increased PGE2


expression levels by 62.3% compared to pre-UVB irradiation (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). However, the addition of fullerenes decreased PGE2


expression levels, and that


of 10% PVP-wrapped fullerenes resulted in a reduction of 18.3% (p<0.05).4 Excessive sebum secretion and


oxidation are the main causes of conspicuous facial pores (Fig 1).1


Recently,


analysis of the sebum components showed November 2017


) levels of UVB RadicalSponge® 0 0 Figure 5: Suppression of PGE2


that the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids within the sebum components was higher in individuals with more noticeable facial pores.5


Various experiments


conducted in the past show that fullerenes inhibit the oxidation of squalene, one of the sebum components. In addition, fullerenes inhibit oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and we believe one of the reasons for the effective reduction in conspicuous facial pores by fullerenes is their effect in inhibiting the oxidation of sebum. We conducted an experiment using a 3D human skin model to examine whether fullerenes were effective against pigmentation caused by activation of melanocytes, another cause of conspicuous facial pores. We investigated the effects of fullerenes against PGE2


expression, as PGE2 ,


an inflammatory cytokine, is known to activate tyrosinase and promote dendritic formation of melanocytes, thereby enhancing melanogenesis. It was evident that PGE2 expression promoted by UV irradiation was inhibited by fullerenes in a concentration- dependent manner. These results suggest that fullerenes inhibit PGE2


expression and


contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis around facial pores.


Conclusion We clinically investigated whether fullerenes reduced conspicuous facial pores, and discovered that application of lotions containing fullerenes reduced conspicuous facial pores. The reason for this, we believe, is that fullerenes inhibit the formation of lipid peroxides by inhibiting oxidation of sebum, especially unsaturated fatty acids, which are readily oxidised, as well as by inhibiting melanogenesis through inhibition of PGE2 expression, an inflammatory cytokine.


0 PGE2 (pg/ml)


1000 (mJ/cm2) 1.0


expression by fullerene. In recent years, the amount of UV


light has been increasing due to depletion of the ozone layer and sunspot activity, and skin ageing called ‘photoageing’ is drawing attention. When the skin is exposed to UV light, large amounts of active oxygen are generated leading to skin aging, which is characterised by spots, deep wrinkles, and sagging. As described above, fullerenes are active-oxygen scavengers with superior light stability. They are also heat stable, and could be incorporated as a cosmetic ingredient against photoageing into a wide range of cosmetics in the future.


PC


References 1 Inui S, Itami S. Perifollicular pigmentation is the first target for topical vitamin C derivative ascorbyl 2-phosphate 6-palmitate (APPS): randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatol 2007; 34: 221-223.


2 Takada H, Kokubo K, Matsubayashi K, Oshima T. Antioxidant activity of supramolecular water- soluble fullerenes evaluated by β-carotene bleaching assay. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006; 70 (12): 3088-3093.


3 Xiao L, Matsubayashi K, Miwa N. Inhibitory effect of the water-soluble polymer-wrapped derivative of fullerene on UVA-induced melanogenesis via downregulation of tyrosinase expression in human melanocytes and skin tissues. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299: 245-257.


4 Inui S, Mori A, Ito M, Hyodo S, Itami S. Reduction of conspicuous facial pores by topical fullerene: possible role in the suppression of PGE2


10(%)


production in the skin. J Nanobiotechnol 2014; 12(6): Open Access.


5 Katsuta Y, Iida T, Inomata S, Denda M. Unsaturated fatty acids induce calcium influx into keratinocytes and cause abnormal differentiation of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 124(5): 1008-1013.


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