Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Dec 2014
total US trade: Germany 4%; UK 4%; France 3%; Netherlands 2%; Italy 2%; Switzerland 1%; Belgium 1%; Ireland 1%. Based on these averages for the period, the estimated total air freight and multiple modes & mail for the key European trading partners of the US are shown in Table 5, with the estimated total multiple modes & mail for the key European trading partners of the US are shown in Table 6.
Table 5: Estimated total air freight of key European trading partners (millions of tons and billions of dollars)
Weight
Germany UK
France
Netherlands Italy
Switzerland Belgium Ireland
0.48 0.48 0.36 0.24 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.12
2012 2040 Value Weight 40.76 40.76 30.57 20.38 20.38 10.19 10.19 10.19
1.88 1.88 1.41 0.94 0.94 0.47 0.47 0.47
Value
168.36 168.36 126.27 84.18 84.18 42.09 42.09 42.09
Table 6: Estimated total multiple modes & mail of key European trading partners (millions of tons and billions of dollars)
2012
Germany UK
Weight 45.4 45.4
France 34.05 Netherlands 22.7 Italy 22.7 Switzerland 11.35 Belgium 11.35 Ireland 11.35
Value 53.04 53.04 39.78 26.52 26.52 13.26 13.26 13.26
2040
Weight 117.16 117.16 87.87 58.58 58.58 29.29 29.29 29.29
waterways, and airways.
Value 188.88 188.88 141.66 94.44 94.44 47.22 47.22 47.22
Freight travels over an extensive network of highways, railroads,
Existing and
anticipated increases in the number of freight vehicles, and vessels on both public and private infrastructure are stressing the system as elements of the network reach capacity, increasing maintenance requirements. Since 1990, road infrastructure increased slowly despite a large increase in the volume of traffic, while rail miles declined by
21%.The value of freight moved is expected to increase faster than the weight, rising from $882 per ton in 2007 to $1,377 per ton in 2040 adjusting for inflation. Exports at $1,826 per ton and imports at $1,456 per ton are higher than domestic shipments at $799 per ton in 2007. Exports and imports accounted for 11 % of the volume and 19 % of the value in 2007 and are expected to make up an even greater share of freight moving throughout the US in the future, reaching 19 % of the volume and 31 % of the value by 2040.
Figure 1: Intermodal rail volumes [14]
Different modes of transportation frequently work together to move high-value, time sensitive cargo. Containerized cargo has grown rapidly in recent years and is concentrated at a few large water ports. The port of New York imports
2,723,000 TEUS and exports
1,541,000 TEUs annually. By 2040, long-haul freight truck traffic in the United States is expected to increase dramatically. Forecast data indicate that truck travel may reach 460 million miles per day. The predicted truck freight volume for 2040 is shown in Figure 2. Assuming no changes in network capacity, increases in truck and passenger vehicle traffic are forecast to expand areas of recurring peak-period congestion to 34 % of the NHS in 2040 compared with 10 % in 2011. This will slow traffic on 28,000miles of the NHS and create stop-and-go conditions on an additional 46,000 miles. The traffic congestion for 2040 is shown in Figure3.
The freight transportation industry is an important part of the U.S. economy; it represents 11.7 % of GDP. In 2011, for-hire transportation contributed $448 billion to U.S. GDP. The for-hire trucking mode contributed the largest share (28%), followed by air (16%). Total private and public fixed assets grew from just over $27.7 trillion in 2000 to $48.7 trillion in 2012 (current U.S. dollars). Transportation equipment and structures (private and public) accounted for approximately 12 % of the total in
Trucks carry most of the tonnage and value of freight in the US, whereas railroads and
the importance of all modes and
waterways carry
significant volumes over long distances. Transportation facilities that move international trade into and out of the US emphasise
intermodal combinations to global connectivity. The intermodal rail volumes are shown in Figure 1.
© 2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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