Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Dec 2014
EUROPEAN BOAT DESIGN INNOVATION GROUP: THE MARINE DESIGN MANIFESTO
S McCartan and D Harris, EBDIG-IRC, Coventry University, UK B Verheijden, Academy Minerva Groningen, Netherlands M Lundh, Division of Maritime Operations, Chalmers University Of Technology, Sweden M Lutzhoft, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Australia D Boote, DITEN, Genoa University, Italy J J Hopman and F E H M Smulders, resp. 3ME and IDE, Technical University of Delft, Netherlands S Lurås and K Norby, Oslo School for Architecture and Design, Norway (DOI No: 10.3940/rina.ijmd.2014.c1.23)
SUMMARY
A manifesto is a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of an issue. It accepts a previously published opinion and promotes a new idea with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes that the authors believe should be made. Marine Design is presented as an interdisciplinary holistic approach to boat design, based on the methodologies of Industrial Design, which are informed by both Human Factors and Engineering. The authors as experts in their respective disciplines present the Marine Design Manifesto as a framework for innovation within the marine industry. In every professional field there are definitive texts, this paper provides advocacy for Marine Design, an interdisciplinary approach in its infancy. The authors review key Industrial Design manifestos in the context of Marine Design. They then present a contextualised Marine Design manifesto.
1. The maritime industry
INTRODUCTION is
very different from the
automotive and aerospace industries in terms of business model and R&D funding models. It is cost driven, and as with any industry that is driven by cost it is challenged by international competition. The automotive industry has a strong focus on technical innovation to meet environmental and safety legislation. These issues are now impacting the maritime industry through EEDI and future safety legislation, combined with operational costs issues such as
prices. To enable the European industry to address the future challenges the present
Architecture alone. This is the discipline of Marine Design.
The world depends on a safe and efficient shipping trade network, 90% of trade uses maritime transport, which employs 1.2 million seafarers. The industry has worked steadily to improve safety performance but despite innovative trends in maritime technology
and the
implementation of safety-related regulations, shipping accidents are still a leading concern. Investigations have revealed that human factors contribute to the majority of
vast all accidents. The cruise ship Costa
Concordia being a recent example of Merchant ship design still focuses on technical solutions, neglecting human aspects associated with crewing and procedures until a very late phase in the design/engineering process. Manning issues are usually regarded as the responsibility of the end-user usually relating to accommodation (and other associated) facilities. Platform management issues are addressed by standard International Maritime Organisation
(IMO) and class crew concepts ©2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects and
procedures. This approach disregards the possibility to aim for better and safer solutions. As merchant ships have become more complex and highly automated, resulting in reduced manning
but with
performance and safety requirements, the importance of including the human performance in merchant design and engineering processes has increased. [1]
reduced manning and increased fuel ship design approach
requires to be complemented with a multidisciplinary approach based on the principles of Industrial Design rather than Naval
In a competitive industry with increasing cost pressures, the key emerging challenges are: Crewing levels: Despite the
higher ship
greatly improved
efficiency of modern vessels some commentators regard minimum crewing levels as too low, and point out they do not allow for the inevitable extra tasks that 24 hour operations require – with ‘human factor’ risks such as fatigue being a significant cause of accidents.
Crew training and language: many ship-owners look to source crews from emerging economies due to lower wage
demands. Despite international
standards, training regimes and assessment are not consistent and lead to variations in crew and officer competence. Concerns have been raised about communication in an
emergency or even
understanding simple instructions in routine operations.
Risk management: Inadequate risk management is a key challenge to be addressed through improved safety management systems and processes.
Organizational structures: Bureaucracy is cited as a source of pressure diverting crews from other tasks and potentially compromising
safety. This is
compounded by minimum crewing levels which place further burdens on already hard-pressed crews.
Fire hazards: Fire remains a major on-board risk especially in ‘Ro-Ro’ ferries (with relatively open
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