Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan -Dec2014 2.2 STAKEHOLDER INQUIRY
Stakeholders are persons or organisations who are actively involved in the project or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the performance or completion of
the project [5].
data into a materialised form. They need to convert the user expertise into the product design, making use of the extensive expert knowledge, while at the same time keeping their own fresh, unbiased vision to the design.
Involvement of the
stakeholders leads to insights for the design process and input for design evaluation. Since stakeholders are determined by the complete process and product, it is vital to select them from the complete product lifecycle. Only taking into account the end-user or client would neglect the involvement of other parties with crucial product input. The end-user is but one of the stakeholders in the design process.
In each lifecycle element, human beings are interacting with the product or one of its pre-stages. A consideration needs to be made whether a stakeholder needs to be involved, based on the interaction that takes place and the timespan needed for stakeholder involvement.
2.3 DATA AQUISITION
To identify and select the design parameters, a solid and thorough understanding of the stakeholders’ interaction with the product is necessary. Different Industrial Design methods such as brainstorming, focus grouping, creative sessions and story boarding are designed and tailored towards
information is obtained in a
revealing stakeholder information. This qualitative manner.
Qualitative data consists of stories, experiences and (often poorly) motivated statements about
existing
products and services. These are thus impossible to directly translate into design requirements [6]. However, the qualitative data generates empathy with the designers. It helps the designers understand the working routines, the interaction and the related problems from the stakeholders’ point of view. Designers are therefore able to improve designs based on understanding of the drives and reasoning from the stakeholders’ perspective.
The qualitative data from the stakeholder sessions is then verified against the quantitative data of technical feasibility, rules and regulations, and pre-set project boundaries and requirements. By combining both data classes, the experience from stakeholders is matched with the original company project requirements to advance into a holistic design solution that can be experienced and evaluated accordingly.
2.4 PRODUCT DESIGN
Within a user-centred design process, it is important to involve the stakeholders by listening closely to their needs, wishes and demands. However, the stakeholders must remain in an advisory board position. The designers hold the position of leading the design process, being the intermediary between the stakeholder’s expertise and the company project requirements. Industrial Designers are able to translate the stakeholder’s stories and qualitative
By introducing the stakeholders at decision moments / milestones of the project it is possible to force moments of reflection. Not only should the stakeholders be invited for mid-design verification, it is also necessary to hold discussions with these externals, to create new insights and motivate the designers to think critically and review their work and decisions accordingly.
Although the participation of stakeholders during the process of mid-design reflection is valuable for input, it can also cause distorted results. People are naturally likely to express their opinion in a mild way or try to answer questions in the way they think the answer should be given, wishing not to hurt the questioner’s personal feelings. During the verification of a design this familiar habit may result in a more positive feedback than is actually intended. By presenting oneself as a member of the reflection group, not as the designer, the answers and reactions of the group become more sincere [7].
3. DESIGN CASE
This Industrial Design approach in the development of a harbour tug console has focussed on usability and Human Factors. The starting point was an existing console design solution [8] which had been designed by an external design agency according to certain user specifications. However, during observational research
During the process of design formation, it is necessary to explain the designer’s thoughts behind solutions and to translate these into product ideas. It is therefore vital for Industrial Designers to express themselves in various manners throughout expressing
the visualisations, design thoughts by
process. Presenting means
of
and 2D
artist impressions and 3D real world
models helps designers in elaborating their designs into concepts and finally into products. As a designer, it is important to continuously share your thoughts within a multidisciplinary team.
2.5 DESIGN VERIFICATION
When being submerged in a project, it is very likely to become narrow minded; a tunnel vision is created in which only one single solution seems possible. By frequent
design sharing sessions, new insights
and
critical remarks are inserted to keep the design process fresh, exciting and innovative.
Verification of a design, both in the early stages of the design process and in the final stage, is a continuous process. Repetitive checks and evaluations lead to good, if not great, solutions. This process of design iteration forces designers to remain critical of their own work.
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©2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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