Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan –Dec 2014
identified as one of the key factors in the principles of factor 10 engineering; in which a collaborative culture in a nonlinear and iterative design process is necessary in achieving radical resource efficiency [6].
This study explores interdisciplinary elements of the design workflow and project management parametric design methodology.
through a In which the use of
integrative and holistic thinking can be identified as a beneficiary
to the design process. Parametric whole
system design software may be used at an early stage within the design process to achieve a reduction in auxiliary loads. In doing so it proposes
design
alternatives at earlier stages within the design workflow, across multiple disciplinary domains. It aims at identifying the importance and realisation
of a
multidisciplinary procurement plan of its design team and the structure of its project management programme. So as to nurture the potential of ECMs and prevent improvisational measures taken construction
that may otherwise
within the vessels have
temporal or
economic consequences. The rationale for this study is the need to reduce auxiliary energy consumption in order to support the future emission legislation target such as EDDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) [7].That may not be economically
achievable through hull
Despite the economic advances little research has been found to identify the relationship of glazing and user experience on board passenger vessels. Most studies on terrestrial structures have provided evidence to suggest that daylighting is
rhythms [17]. Dowling, GA. 2005 [18],
dense sensor distribution in order to maintain uniformity of illuminance, avoiding visual discomfort [15].
Overall it is clear that such systems cannot rely on occupant control as a consistent means of operation and therefore some automatic control is necessary (photoelectric-dimming)
for sustained energy
performance. Further research may be necessary to determine whether visual comfort is achieved in all cases but target illuminace levels are based on relative CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers) codes and ISN EN 12464-1 (2011) .
generally preferred over electric
lighting [16] and that it is fundamental to the health and wellbeing of the occupants, providing a connection to circadian
reported such elements being particularly beneficial to the older occupants in terms of sleep patterns and behaviour,
which has a significance given the design
optimisation and propulsion system efficiencies alone, as vessels become large and incur great operational costs [8].
1.2 DESIGN OPPORTUNITY
Papamichael, E. 2006 [9] identified that commercial spaces have enough daylight in the floor areas next to windows to eliminate the need for electric lighting. In this instance Natural light is considered an optimum lighting source due to its high luminous
efficacy
delivering the least amount of heat gain for a given illuminance level [10]. Autonomous controls such as continuous dimming and on/off systems have proven to be beneficial in terms of energy consumption with some studies indicating a reduction of 30-60% in commercial building [11]. Studies using ADELINE and TRYNS have also identified reductions of 50% - 80% with daylight harvesting strategies that are dependent on factors such as room geometry and interior wall reflectance [12][13]. However, dimming electric lights are also expensive with some
robustness with Dimming ballast adding weight and generally being less efficient
studies expressing a concern over operational than none dimming [9].
Other studies have also highlighted the difficulties in accounting and predicting human behaviour in terms of lighting uses. Where in some instances artificial lighting has been used to accommodate for the difference in internal brightness and the brightness of the window areas. This also depends on the occupants prior level of light exposure leading to overuse of the system and different requirements within the occupants themselves [14]. For this reason the systems employed within this study are assumed wholly automatic with a relatively
demographics of the cruise ship market. Heerwagen [19] has developed a conceptual framework to support this hypothesis proposing that the built environment has a profound effect on occupants and should be considered as a potential beneficiary to the work force; emphasizing its importance on occupant performance and efficiency. In addition to harvesting of natural light, the choice of surface materials and colours is not just an important aesthetic element but also has important implications on the user’s psychological wellbeing [20] as well as effecting the penetration of natural lighting into the zone. Although the former is not considered in great detail in this study it is monitored by use of the glare index which is provided by the Delight module within the EnergyPlus platform. It is worth noting however, that occupants are much more tolerant of glare or contrasts within daylight areas with significantly less reports of eye strain when compared to electrically lit equivalents [21].
Tzempelikos, Athanassios. 2007 [22] provides
integrative metrics that define the relationship between solar gains. He identified the risk of excessive glazing, which can result in significant thermal fluctuation and proposed exterior shading devices which offered energy savings
between 76% and 92%. The methodology
presented in this study follows similar principles and aims to identify convergence points, such that the cooling load attributed by a certain glazing percentage does not outweigh the energy benefits of a natural lighting scheme [18] Overall many recent studies
support the
implementation of daylight harvesting technologies as a means of reducing the electric lighting energy consumption
[22] [23]. This study
strategies and the impact of interior design elements through photoelectric lighting control
explores such strategies
incorporating various glazing types, glazing ratios and
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©2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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