Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan –Dec 2014 some disadvantages which may influence the data
collected. Mitchell and Jolley [27] explained that, the presence of the investigator (researcher) can lead to a higher response rate as one of the major advantage. On the contrary, the participants may feel discomfort regarding anonymity and they might not be open and honest in their answers. In order to overcome these issues, the researchers obtained the ethics committee approval and made an effort to obtain open and honest results
by participants to complete the classroom questionnaire.
Conducting an onboard survey was selected as the second data collection method in this study. According to M.R. Williamson [28] the best way to understand a task is to do it. Luras and Nordby [29] described that to design usable products and systems it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the users, their tasks and the
context of use. Conducting onboard
activities is an acknowledged approach for gaining such understandings as a guide to design [30]. In this study, several activities were facilitated to understanding the users, their tasks and the context of use. These activities were encouraged the students to recognise the link between
design and operational 5.2 RESULTS DISCUSSION
As an overall summary, the students perceive HCD as an added value in terms of physical, psychosocial and organizational improvements onboard ships. Also they identified HF knowledge as an essential addition to their undergraduate course. Most interestingly, the findings of both surveys couch the optimism of having designers with improved HCD knowledge for
future maritime
industry by influencing the fresh minds. According to
students with sea going
the classroom questionnaire findings, experience
suggested the
necessity of HCD for enhanced overall safety and wellbeing of the seafarers, whereas others did not. This highlights the significant
component integrated in the HF lecture series to let students understand the things by doing it.
contribution of a practical Findings of
the onboard survey also strongly support the above statement. When the students were given the opportunity to understand real HF issues by partaking, the responses entrench their eagerness of having a concrete HF knowledge during studies.
Another prominent motivation was that the students’ HCD perspective was highly influenced during the onboard activities. Unlikely the classroom questionnaire, the students were able to identify more design improvements to advance the overall safety of the ship and comfort of the seafarers. Also they were able to provide meaningful and practical suggestions for HCD improvements after the survey was completed. Out of
requirements
motivation to consider HF and HCD in early stages of ship design.
those more suggestions were aimed to pinpoint the HF issues which the original ship designers had overlooked.
providing maximum freedom for the
However, some of the students pointed out drawbacks of applying HF/HCD in ship design. Some of them did not recognise the significance of HF/HCD in ship design and suggested to think more about machinery maintenance work rather than day to day operations. In addition, they looked at HF/HCD from a commercial point of view and stressed the difficulty of placing more equipment in a small space. Interestingly one student suggested using common sense to dictate the best compromise between comfort and efficiency. This feedback is highly useful for the researchers to understand the students’ opinions while preparing the follow-up lecture series. Therefore in the lecture series it is necessary to highlight that applying HF/HCD is solely based on designers’ best trade off between safety, wellbeing of the seafarer and commercial demands of the vessel.
and
It was also interesting to see that a majority of the students realised that safety and HF issues are the major drawbacks that present day maritime industry is facing. But the opinions of all the participants did not articulate this fact. Therefore, it is necessary to stress these areas in the follow-up lecture series.
HF rules and guidelines are important to follow a better HCD practice during design. Since the students will be doing their inceptive designs in their last year of study, it is important to check whether they are aware on HF rules and guidelines. Surprisingly none of the students were aware of HF guidelines and most of them were not aware of classification rules. This might be due to various reasons, such as not learning any of them in their previous subjects, not coming across any articles or books which explain those or it was taught only as a small part of some other topic, etc. However, it is worth pointing out this lack of awareness before they start their inceptive design since now it is possible to integrate this area in the follow-up lecture series.
Alert! [31] identified that the best approach to eliminate HF problems is to design the problem out, and when it is not possible shield against the problem, warn of the problem or train the operator to avoid the problem. Students spontaneously suggested that they believe if the users are well trained, most of the onboard accidents can be eliminated. They did not want to prioritise the fact that designers are able to design most of the hazardous out. It is necessary to change their mind set to include the latter fact to admire the value of HCD when doing a follow-up HF lecture series.
It is necessary to understand whether the selected Naval Architecture student cohort feels that they could have selected a different field of study when they were college freshmen again. Because the work they will do upon graduation will be affected if they were not satisfied about their selection. The answers showed that almost all
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©2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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