Trans RINA, Vol 156, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan -Dec2014
decking) and also on passenger ships with increased ‘hotel’ services and large passenger numbers [1].
There are significant potential safety gains to be made as a result of managing and eradicating human error. It is important to effectively integrate Human Factors Engineering (HFE) principles into design so that those systems encompass human capabilities and limitations, while
also increasing system
availability/safety/performance, and personnel satisfaction. The Marine Design Manifesto promotes the implementation of novel concepts of technology transfer and cross fertilisation of technical solutions between the aerospace and automotive sectors to the marine sector. As a bottom-up proposal in which the user needs of the crew within the marine sector are addressed through the application of
derived from other transport and relevant sectors. This proposal will satisfy important needs for surface transport SMEs to collaborate and innovate together through the use of open innovation, as well as managing the process through the use of innovation funnels helping to widen the participation in innovation of emerging nations in an enlarged Europe.
1.1 MARINE DESIGN
Marine Design is a holistic design process with a strong focus on the end users as well as stakeholders in the design process, based on the principles of Industrial Design. In contrast to Industrial Design, Naval Architecture is about addressing a design specification. The most important part of the Marine Design (Industrial Design) process is reaching a well-informed design specification. Effective multidisciplinary design Industrial Designers,
Marine Design requires team of Naval Human Factors
a
Architects, specialists,
environmental psychologists and interior designers. The start of the marine design process is understanding the personas and needs of the end user. The aim of Marine Design is to improve the aesthetics, human factors and functionality of a vessel or system, and its' marketability. The role of a Marine Designer is to create and execute design solutions
ergonomics, marketing, brand development, and sales. Based on the principles of Industrial
for problems of form, usability, Design, the
objective of which is to study both function and form, and the connection between product (vessel or system), the user and the environment [2].
Although the process of design may be considered
'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, benchmarking, sketching, human factors evaluation and CAD visualisation. Marine Design may also have a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. It can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such
Figure 1 relation between user centred design, participatory design [4]
The two bottom rows of the diagram represent
'traditional' UCD methods in which the roles of designers and users are quite distinct; designers generate solutions for users based on explicit knowledge. This knowledge can be gathered through ethnographic research such as interviews or surveys with the user, or by observing users during product use. Users are the objects of study and, during usability testing, the testers of solutions. These
C-2 ©2014: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object [2]. design methodologies and technology
User Centred Design (UCD) is a process in which the needs, requirements, and capabilities of crew members as end users of a vessel or system, are given extensive consideration at each phase of the design process. UCD is a sequenced problem solving process that requires marine designers to analyse and anticipate end user behaviour in working on a vessel or system, and to test the validity of these assumptions through ethnographic analysis of real users. Ethnographic analysis is necessary due to the challenge for marine designers to intuitively understand the experiences of a first-time user (crew member) of their vessel or system design. UCD answers questions about users, their tasks and goals, and then uses the findings to inform the design process with specific user scenarios [3].
UCD tools and methods characterised by two aspects, the design activities they support, and the role of end-users in these activities. The diagram in figure 1 uses these properties to illustrate the position
of active user
involvement and participatory design within the field of UCD methods. The horizontal axis outlines the project phases in which the methods can be used. The vertical axis outlines the intended level of user involvement achieved with each method.
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