settlement 92 slopes 83 sub-zones 76–7 symbols 80 water features 90


organic fertilisers 351, 352 outwash plain 164, 168 ox-bow lakes 133


P


Pacific Ring of Fire 12 Pangaea 1–2 Paris climate agreement 223 paternoster lakes 159 peat 59


permeable rock 40 physical landscape 317–19, 322 pie charts 288–9 pillar (limestone) 112 plant litter 229 plates, earth’s 3, 5–6 plucking (ice movement) 158 poaching (farm land damage) 352 podzol soil 230 polar ice melting 220 Polar winds 208 pollution 351 population change 241, 244 Ireland – case study 247–9 Nigeria – case study 249–51 population cycle 243 population pyramid 245–6 Powerscourt Waterfall 129 precipitation 179 prevailing winds/air masses 208 primary economic activities 320, 321 primate city 298 pyramidal peak 159


Q


quarrying 44 quartzite 42


R


rain gauge 179 raised bogs 59 regional roads 376 regolith 115, 116 relief (land’s surface) 88, 92 relief rainfall 210 resources exploitation 331 Richter scale 22 Rio de Janeiro 418 globalisation, population and urbanisation – case study 418–19


rivers


confluence 124 course 125 delta 134 distributaries 134 erosion 126, 129 river basin 124


424


river deposition 127, 134 suspension 127 traction 127 and settlement 138 source 124 transportation 127 wide valley 130 youthful stage 128


rocks


rock armour/large boulders 151 rock cycle 36–7, 37 sedimentary rocks 36, 37, 40 uses of 36


rural settlement 94, 293 patterns 94


S


Saffir-Simpson scale 195 saltation 127 San Andreas Fault 20, 20 sand (coastal) sand bar 148 sand dunes 147 sand spit 148 sandstone 40 Saudi Arabia and oil exploitation – case study 54–5 scale (map) 70 scree 106 seacoast cave 144 cliff 143 deposition 146 erosion 141–4 sea level rise 220 sea stack 144 sea stump 144 sea walls 150 transportation 145


secondary economic activities 320 functions 355


sedimentary rocks 36, 37, 40 seismic waves 19 seismograph 22 seismologists 18 settlement


along Irish coast 155 historical factors 296 physical landscape 294–5 types 92–5, 293


shaft mining 44 Shell to Sea Protests 57–8 Skellig Michael 371 sketch maps 86 slope (OS maps) 83 Smithfield, urban redevelopment and renewal – case study 312 ‘snow-sure’ destination 367 soil 350


composition 226 farm soil, sustainable management 352


fertilising and farming 351 soil creep 117


soil exploitation and farming 351 soil formation 227


solar energy 63 solar panels 64 solution (erosion) 126, 127, 141 stalactites 112 stalagmites 112 Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) 371


Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) 371 Stevenson screen 186 Storm Ophelia 198 straight line distances 72 stratus clouds 181 subsoil 228 sulphur dioxide 216 sunshine 187 sunspots 215


suspension (river flow) 127 sustainable exploitation 331 swallow hole 111 swash 145 syncline 30 Syria, forced migration 257–8


T


Taj Mahal 42 tarn 159


tectonic plates 5 temperature 178 pre-1900 213


tertiary economic activities 320 thermometer, maximum and minimum 178


tombolo 148 topsoil 228 tourism 366 domestic 370 along Irish coast 155 sustainable 378 and transport in Ireland 374–7 town functions and services 275 towns development, services/functions 99 traction (river flow) 127 trade


fair/unfair 384–7 international 384–5


transport 91 and landscape 92


triangulation stations 82 tropical winds 208 Tropics 194 truncated spur 159 tsunami 20–1 tundra climate 204 Turlough Hill and hydroelectricity 170–1 typhoons see hurricanes


U


Ulster, the plantation of – case study 261–2


United Nations


slowly developing and quickly developing countries 390 human development, measuring 393


urbanisation 301 urban decay 308 urban planning 278–80 urban redevelopment and renewal 311


urban settlement 293 settlement patterns 95 urban sprawl and house prices – case study 308


V


V-shaped valley 128 vertical photographs 268–9 volcano 9, 11 structure 9


volcanic eruptions and climate 216 impacts, positive/negative 15–16


mountain formation 9, 10


Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 14 volcanologist 8–9


W


water vapour 185 waterfalls 129 waves, and erosion 141 weather


extreme events 221 forecast 173–7 weather map mean temperature 178 rainfall on 179–80 weather satellites 175 weather stations 173 severe 193


weathering 106 West of Ireland, forestry 324 wet and dry bulb hygrometer 186 Wicklow forestry, tourism, hydroelectricity 170


landscape, impact of glaciation 169–71


Wild Atlantic Way 373 wind


direction and speed 183–5 wind energy in Ireland 65 wind power 65 wind vane 183


World Bank Group 395 world population growth 241–2


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238  |  Page 239  |  Page 240  |  Page 241  |  Page 242  |  Page 243  |  Page 244  |  Page 245  |  Page 246  |  Page 247  |  Page 248  |  Page 249  |  Page 250  |  Page 251  |  Page 252  |  Page 253  |  Page 254  |  Page 255  |  Page 256  |  Page 257  |  Page 258  |  Page 259  |  Page 260  |  Page 261  |  Page 262  |  Page 263  |  Page 264  |  Page 265  |  Page 266  |  Page 267  |  Page 268  |  Page 269  |  Page 270  |  Page 271  |  Page 272  |  Page 273  |  Page 274  |  Page 275  |  Page 276  |  Page 277  |  Page 278  |  Page 279  |  Page 280  |  Page 281  |  Page 282  |  Page 283  |  Page 284  |  Page 285  |  Page 286  |  Page 287  |  Page 288  |  Page 289  |  Page 290  |  Page 291  |  Page 292  |  Page 293  |  Page 294  |  Page 295  |  Page 296  |  Page 297  |  Page 298  |  Page 299  |  Page 300  |  Page 301  |  Page 302  |  Page 303  |  Page 304  |  Page 305  |  Page 306  |  Page 307  |  Page 308  |  Page 309  |  Page 310  |  Page 311  |  Page 312  |  Page 313  |  Page 314  |  Page 315  |  Page 316  |  Page 317  |  Page 318  |  Page 319  |  Page 320  |  Page 321  |  Page 322  |  Page 323  |  Page 324  |  Page 325  |  Page 326  |  Page 327  |  Page 328  |  Page 329  |  Page 330  |  Page 331  |  Page 332  |  Page 333  |  Page 334  |  Page 335  |  Page 336  |  Page 337  |  Page 338  |  Page 339  |  Page 340  |  Page 341  |  Page 342  |  Page 343  |  Page 344  |  Page 345  |  Page 346  |  Page 347  |  Page 348  |  Page 349  |  Page 350  |  Page 351  |  Page 352  |  Page 353  |  Page 354  |  Page 355  |  Page 356  |  Page 357  |  Page 358  |  Page 359  |  Page 360  |  Page 361  |  Page 362  |  Page 363  |  Page 364  |  Page 365  |  Page 366  |  Page 367  |  Page 368  |  Page 369  |  Page 370  |  Page 371  |  Page 372  |  Page 373  |  Page 374  |  Page 375  |  Page 376  |  Page 377  |  Page 378  |  Page 379  |  Page 380  |  Page 381  |  Page 382  |  Page 383  |  Page 384  |  Page 385  |  Page 386  |  Page 387  |  Page 388  |  Page 389  |  Page 390  |  Page 391  |  Page 392  |  Page 393  |  Page 394  |  Page 395  |  Page 396  |  Page 397  |  Page 398  |  Page 399  |  Page 400  |  Page 401  |  Page 402  |  Page 403  |  Page 404  |  Page 405  |  Page 406  |  Page 407  |  Page 408  |  Page 409  |  Page 410  |  Page 411  |  Page 412  |  Page 413  |  Page 414  |  Page 415  |  Page 416  |  Page 417  |  Page 418  |  Page 419  |  Page 420  |  Page 421  |  Page 422  |  Page 423  |  Page 424  |  Page 425  |  Page 426  |  Page 427  |  Page 428  |  Page 429  |  Page 430  |  Page 431  |  Page 432  |  Page 433  |  Page 434  |  Page 435  |  Page 436  |  Page 437  |  Page 438  |  Page 439