Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Dec 2015


 Opportunity encounters


to engage in spontaneous social


 Freedom to move between one social phase and another (from solitary work to group interaction)


 Opportunity to engage in a full range of typical behaviours (creativity, self expression, cooperation, exploration)


 Opportunity for regular exercise  Noise levels not much above or below that in nature  Meaningful change and sensory variability  An interesting visual environment


The biological approach forms the basis for a number of other theoretical perspectives relevant to design and well being. The common basis of which is the concept of “biophilia”, the evolutionary tie between people and nature. Taken as a whole, this diverse body of research suggests that building environments that contain the essential features of preferred natural settings will be more supportive of human well-being and performance than environments lacking these features. Considering a commercial vessel as a floating working environment, where well-being of crew is even more significant give the nature and potential costs of operational risks, this offers a potential Transfer of Innovation to support the design process.


There is cross-cultural environments are consistently preferred over


evidence that natural built


settings, and built environments with trees, vegetation, and water are more liked than those lacking natural elements. Many large building complexes and cruise ships, create indoor garden features with large trees and plants, water features, daylight, multiple view corridors and comfortable retreats. The implementation of these design features substantiates a significant return on investment for the project developers.


Heerwagen [8] conceptualize the relationship between buildings and performance using a key framework from organizational psychology:


Performance = Ability x Motivation x Opportunity


Where performance is a function of the following factors acting together: ability; motivation; opportunity. A building or vessel can positively affect “ability” by providing comfortable ambient conditions, by enabling individual control and adjustment of conditions, and by reducing health and safety risks. A building or vessel can positively affect “motivation” by providing conditions that promote positive affective functioning, psychological


engagement, and personal control. A


building or vessel can affect “opportunity” by providing equitable access to conditions that reduce health and safety risks, equitable access to amenities, and compensatory design options where inequities exist and are difficult to eliminate entirely.


In defining the essence of a good building habitat, Heerwagen [9]


refers


sciences, which suggests a good building habitat supports the following needs and experiences:


 Connection to nature  Sense of community and belonging  Behavioural choice and control  Opportunity for regular exercise  Meaningful change and sensory variability  Privacy when desired


She delineated the features and attributes of buildings that support these needs and experiences. Reporting that many studies show reduced adaptive load (less effort needed to adjust to an environment), reduced stress, improved emotional


functioning, increased social


support, reduced fatigue, and improved ability to focus attention on important activities. Steelcase research [10] on how the workplace can improve collaboration has identified


that converging spatial, Knowledge work is social and


informational trends are creating demand for workplaces that support new patterns of collaboration.


accomplished in four different


modes, which are essential to the process of building knowledge that in turn drives creativity and innovation: focusing; collaborating; learning; socializing. Across the four work modes, workers create and use two types of knowledge: explicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge is the formal, systematic information typically found in documents, procedures, and manuals. In contrast, tacit knowledge is deeply personal, harder to formalize, and learned by experience. Where it is communicated indirectly through metaphor, analogy, mentoring, and side-by-side doing.


Heerwagen et al [11] considered the central conflict of collaboration: how to design effectively to provide a balance between the need to interact with others and the need to work effectively as an individual. Features and attributes


awareness, interaction and collaboration. However, doing so frequently has negative impacts on individual work as a result of increases in


noise for individual distractions and


interruptions to on-going work. The effects are most harmful


tasks requiring complex and


focused mental work. Collaborative work is a system of behaviours that includes both social factors (awareness, brief interaction, collaboration) and accommodation of solitary work. There are many ways to support both collaborative


behaviours and solitude manipulations of spatial through the layouts, circulation systems,


visibility, furnishings and ambient conditions. However, providing the right level of enclosure, density, privacy and ambient control for effective individual work is often in conflict with goals to increase interaction.


to research in the behavioural


of space can be manipulated to increase


© 2015: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects


C-85


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