Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan –Dec 2015
space. Part of which is sensory space which may be visual, acoustic, olfactory, thermal, and there may be cultural differences in the type of modality stressed. The rules which guide the organization of space, time, meaning and communication show regularity because they are linked systematically to culture. Culture creates a system of rules and habits which reflect ideals and create a lifestyle, guiding behaviour, roles, manners, the food eaten, as well as built form. The regularities within cultural relate lifestyle and built environment and also lead to continuity across scales. In the case of the built environment these rules affect the separation of objects and people according to various criteria- age, sex, status, roles. Consider activities and activity systems in space and time have been very important in planning and design, any activity can be analysed into the following components:
The activity proper - eating, shopping, drinking, walking.
The specific way of doing it Additional, adjacent
or associated activities
which become part of an activity system - exchanging gossip while shopping
Symbolic aspects of the activity - shopping as conspicuous consumption, cooking as ritual, a way of establishing social identity
In ideal terms cities are designed to meet people's environmental preferences and notions of environmental quality. If images incorporate ideals, then people test reality against these images and evaluate environmental quality against these ideals. More generally people test a stimulus against some cognitive schemata which of course are variable, as shown in Figure 3. [6]
people can release stress and mental fatigue by providing cities with a restorative environment. Urban environments provided with natural light, vegetation, water and a certain amount of wilderness, increase the psychological restoration of people. Biophilic design, aimed at maintaining, enhancing, and restoring the beneficial experience of nature in the built environment, allows people to be part of the larger whole. Streets and promenades can be designed as places that improve people’s well-being on a daily basis. [7]
Hidalgo [7] further
environmental psychology and urban design was in need of
proposed that development
and presented theoretical
relationships among urban design theory on streets, environmental psychology and the restoration theory, and biophilic design. Where these interrelations were inputs to define guidelines for the future design of restorative streets, which could be equally applied to promenades on cruise ships as urban spaces. Stress affects health by threatening the immune system, producing psychological problems it also challenges well-being when a person’s capacity for adaptation of
recover their health environments
stress in urban should be a major concern in urban
planning practices; it should be a main concern in streets design. In order to face stress-related outcomes, it is necessary to have interdisciplinary approaches. Hidalgo [7] referred to the attention restoration theory (ART) and the stress
provide evidence of how some environmental resources improve people’s psychological
helps in mental
several studies show that the use of vegetation, natural water and green landscapes recovery.
restoration theory (SRT). Both theories, health. For instance, health
Specific urban places such as parks, museums, spiritual temples, and healing buildings also provide restorative experiences. Most of the elements that constitute these spaces include nature and the possibility of personalizing the environment. From another perspective, biophilic design focuses on restorative environments that enhance the innate urge of people to affiliate with nature. This approach, originated in biological sciences.
The Figure 3: Cognitive schemata [6]
Streets are a predominant element in cities as promenades are in cruise ships. Defined as paths, conduits, structural lines, and even a place with its own rights, the design of streets is still an important issue to be understood and resolved in order to improve the residents’ quality of life or passengers' entertainment experience in the case of a cruise ship. Stress is a public
health concern that affects residents and is constantly originated by multiple circumstances. This problem not
only affects mental health but also overall well-being by reducing the capacity of people to restore themselves on a daily basis .Environmental psychologists show that
following seven categories summarize the biophilic elements: organic forms and structure, day lighting, natural ventilation, natural sounds, palette of colours, mimicking landscape,
and bio-inspiration gardens.
Biophilia suggests that human identity and individuals’ fulfilment depend at a certain level on how people relate to nature; therefore, one of his six categories considers elements of the built environment as place-based relationships, for instance historical, geographical and cultural connections and integration, the
use of
indigenous materials, landscape orientation, and the spirit of the place. In terms of biophilic elements to be used in the urban space, six urban levels and what natural elements should be considered in the design of such
the connection between
their environment is not
reached. Stress and mental fatigue can be released by psychological
restoration. The capacity of people to status from
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© 2015: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
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