Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan –Dec 2015


industry has been moderate. As there is no homogenous community that can be represented, nor is there a clearly definable group of users to attend to.[3]


The field of active user involvement has a number of methods addressing different parts of the spectrum, each with its own interpretation of active user involvement. The following characteristics can be used to differentiate between


the various methods: type involved; number of stakehollders of involved;


relation between the stakeholderr and the product; project activity in which stakeholders are involved. Involvement can be limited to a specific activity phase (analysis, design or testing), or applied throughout the project. Despite the variety of methods and their implementation in


articipatory design [3] There are


F igure 1: pa


development Gathering relation between user centred design,


however several challenges in product that cannot be addressed by these


traditional UCD methods: 


rich user insights - Traditional


marketing tools do not always result in the desired level of user insights as, for instance, they focus on quantitative data rather than in- depth qualitative data.


  


Acquiring experts knowledge - When designing for


professional use situations with which


designers are not familiar the designer’s lack of practical experience needs to be compensated. Early validation of user requirements - needs to validate concept


directions with


traditional usability testing takes place too late in the development process.


Obtaining a multi-perspective review - If users with a variety of roles are involved in the use of the same product, use situations can become complex.


The top segment in Figure 1, represents active user involvement and participatory design methods that have be


een developed to address the challenges. Active user be


involvement


aforementioned methods


have


ecome more broadly applied in practice over the last ten years. Pioneers in this field, include design consultancy IDEO, who are well known for their design approach of user involvement in the analysis phase, and Philips, who employ the LivingLabs approach. [3]


Participatory design had initially been used for the design of software and organisational structures with the goal of of workers


representing tthe pr pa


rocess. articipation, interests design and Compared to UCD and in


Recently it has been applied healthcare


the design to


architectu


civic ure.


active user involvement techniques, the broad adoption of participatory design in C-148 © 2015: The Royal Instittu ution of Naval Architects users,


relation to the above characteristics, most of the methods and techniques share one common goal, which is to gain access to the user's knowledge. [3]


tacit Active user involvement method and future use and practical ds help end users express


and analyse their current user interaction behaviour with products and the context, allowing them to conceptualise reflect on


e scenarios. communication Effective


communication is required in order for end users to share their tacit and practical knowledge with a design team effectively and efficiently. However,


between users and a multidisciplinary design team is challenging for both sides. As designers and engineers are


trained to communicate in a multidisciplinary


environment, but users are not. Therefore, it is difficult for members of the design team to identify appropriate questions for prospective users and construct them so that the answers reveal useful design insights, as end users are generally not able


to translate their current


habits and routines into user requirements. It is therefore necessary to employ a range off tools and techniques to facilitate communication between end users and the design team. They are often practical and action oriented, encouraging participants to describe and explain their actions. Designers can subsequently use this information to improve the product. Physical mock-up s or virtual prototypes are oftten used to reduce the threshold for tools. Generic groups of alysis; scenarios;


users 1.2 to engage with the


techniques include: task ana reality. [3]


DIGITAL HUMAN MODELLING


There is a need to support the Wind Farm Support Vessel secto r to facilitate anthropometric and biomechanical aspects of Human Factors process. Traditionally, this has


Integration in the design s been supported through


the use of mock-ups, with their effecti ve use for anthropometric assessment often not being fully realised due to time constraints or uninfo mock-ups


are typically con interaction between the nstructed


formed practices. Physical assess


to the user and the ir working environment, but this is still the exception rather than the virtual


stakeholders type of


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