Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Dec 2015 A SWATH MOTHERSHIP CONCEPT FOR THE FAR SHORE WIND FARMS USING


THE ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY NETWORK MODEL (DOI No. 103940/rina.ijmd.2015.c1.42)


S McCartan and T Thompson, EBDIG-IRC, Coventry University, UK, B Verheijden, Academy Minerva, Groningen, The Netherlands D Boote and T Colaianni, DITEN, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy I McFarlane and D Rose, Romica Engineering Ltd, UK C Anderberg and H Phalm, Division of Maritime Human Factors and Navigation, Chalmers University, Sweden


SUMMARY


The Toyota Production System (TPS) is a continuous improvement philosophy. It became the basis for the LEAN and Six Sigma manufacturing philosophies. A significant element of TPS is autonomation, or “automation with a human touch”. In the same way that lean techniques have been applied to automotive manufacturing,


the principles of


autonomation can be applied to offshore wind farm maintenance practices to improve turbine availability. This paper presents a mothership concept design to support an autonomation approach to offshore wind farm maintenance practices, developed through an implementation of the NetWork model of Environmental Psychology and biophilic design. The NetWork model encompasses both how and where work is done and how workers, processes and places are supported. It differs from previous Environmental Psychology models by focusing on the work that is to be done and how to enable it to be done most effectively. This knowledge informs the specification of furnishings, technologies, equipment and infrastructure that enable workers to make the best of wherever they work, to develop effective work practices, and to continue to adapt. This contrasts with the more traditional focus, which addresses only the places of work, and their efficient delivery and maintenance. The evolutionary basis for biophilia, is that contact with nature is a basic human need: not a cultural amenity, not an individual preference, but a universal primary need. The biophilia hypothesis and supporting research tells us that, as a species, we are still powerfully responsive to nature’s forms, processes, and patterns. The design process presented is a Transfer of Innovation from interior architecture where it is a well establish approach to produce highly productive and low stress working environments. The potential of this Human Factors focused approach to reduce risk and hence operational costs such as insurance is significant.


1. INTRODUCTION


In 2014 the EWEA revised the wind energy scenarios for 2020 [1] to reflect the economic downturn and regulatory instability in a number of


key European markets.


Resulting in 11% lower predicted final power demand in 2020, which is not expected to increase above its 2008 peak until after 2020. Significantly affecting the stability of regulatory and market frameworks for offshore wind energy. These retrospective framework changes have had a significant negative impact on: investment plans; new orders;


previous investment decisions; existing


installations in markets across Europe. Given the expectations for energy demand, the rapidly changing national policy frameworks for wind energy, and EU policy framework to 2030, the EWEA is proposing three growth scenarios to 2020. For the Low scenario in 2020 Installed capacity increases by 41% compared to 2013 to 165.6 GW. Offshore installations are 19.5 GW. offshore installations produce 71.9 terawatt-hours (TWh). The combined wind energy production of 378.9 TWh covers 12.8% of total EU power demand. The effects of the economic crisis on power demand linger, pressure on public spending persists across Europe until the latter years of the decade. Instability in national regulatory frameworks in both mature and emerging markets continues. This instability makes it difficult to attract financing for new wind energy projects, especially in the offshore sector that struggles to de-risk. EU and


© 2015: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects international climate and energy policy post-2020


decisions are weak and unambitious, providing few extra stimuli for wind energy development. [2]


The major challenge increasingly facing the offshore wind industry is regulatory risk, with the following key issues: conflicting political support for offshore wind; uncertainty with grid connection regimes; lack of a long- term stable market and regulatory framework. Evidently, the high level of uncertainty that comes with changing regulatory frameworks has slowed down offshore wind energy deployment in many European countries, not least in the two largest markets, the UK and Germany. By June 2013, there were 6 GW of offshore wind deployed in Europe. The UK accounted for 57%, followed by Denmark (21%), Belgium (8%) Germany (6%), Sweden (4%) and the Netherlands (3%). The European offshore wind energy industry needs to attract between €90 billion and €123 billion by 2020 to meet its deployment target of 40 GW. Should regulatory instability prevent the offshore industry from reaching its 40 GW target by 2020, even a conservative assumption of 25 GW would still require between €50 bn and €69 bn over this period. [1]


The most critical strategic research agenda priority for offshore wind is to significantly lower the cost of energy in order to become competitive with conventional power generation by 2030. A key research topic for offshore


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