Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan –Dec 2015
in Figure 12. The very nature of passive design; moves away from fulfilling functions through electrical active it makes use of
forms of generating energy. Instead,
energy streams from its environment. In warmer climates a key PD objective is to cover or reduce solar collectors such as windows, to prevent solar heat gain from adding to the cooling load within the interior.
Cost to Imp m lement
Solar thermal, photovoltaic, wind turbine etc.
ACTIVE ELEMENTS. MIDDLE GROUND. Services, Marketing, Metering PASSIVE Environmental Benefit Form, Fabric Figure 12: Low Carbon Design Hierarchy.[14]
avoid the risks of cross contamiination. The Temperature difference is the primary drivin stack
effect. The temperaturres within
ng factor for the natural the area
and reduces the cooling of
operation were predicted to vary from hot arid to hot humid conditions, which raises a number of concerns for naturally ventilated buildings a
potential of these technologies. However, the work of Khedari
ventilation systems within hot humid areas with low diurnal ranges ascertained
that chimneys alone
despite climatic conditions, solar were able
reduce
8-15 air changes of a room equating to 25m per hour 2
2
[15], determined the effectiveness of natural and warm winters. The research to
temperature near to that of ambient, and provided nearly 3
with only 6-9m of solar absorrbers, and re duced room overheating by approximately 50%. This equates to a ratio of 0.24 - 0.3 6/m to hous
trombe walls to induce natural ventilation in order to remove heat. A simulation model
determine the airflow rates of a trombe wall based in Mediterranean climates around Spain. This supported the work
of Khedari[15], showing a
locations for natural ventilation tto take place. The
British Research Establishment
relationships between total solar irradiance and air flow rates. This is an important cons the exterior of a coastel as
Conservation
Support Unit (BRECSU) has established that in the UK fans consume at least two thirds of energy consumed for cooling in office buildings [17]]. Whilst there is limited data to suggest that this is the case for other countries, there is a growing awareness that fans cons ume a large portion of
consumption. Figu ure 13: Principle of stack e ffect There are other benefits
se volume. Ruiz[16] used was created to
proportional
sideration when designing coastal areas are good
the room
energy used to cool buildings[18]. This
identifies natural ventilation a desirable alternative to cool the interior, reducing operation costs and energy to passive
designed structures over conventional HVAC systems. The first is that mechanical heating ventila ting and air conditioning often account for a large fraction of the cost of construction [19]. The other benefit is that of space saving, as the innovative of natural ventilation system designs recover most of the interior volume as usable space, unlike traditional HVAC system which consume up to 20% - 40% of the total volume of the building. [19] Overall Passive Design has
the potential
conditions of many locations ventilation techniques alone
Figure 14: Medical support vessel stack effect system The operating principles of the stack effect are shown
to provide
benefits both to the user, the environment and the manufacturer, through facilitating the demands of future environmental
unreliable. This challenge can be overcome through the use of a hybrid system design approach.
F igure 13, wh ere the hot air flows out pulling cold upwards. The design detail of the stack effect system the medical support vessel shown in Figure 14, where individual sections of the vessel have their own stack to
in air on
C-168
Natural lighting is common in most passively designed houses. As illustrated in figure 15 it can be used to significantly reduce the use off artificial lighting and in increas e the user
doing so
legislation. However, with weather being variable, natural are unpredictable and
psycho-pleasure of the
environment. The use of natural lighting features is strongly supported by the bio philia hypothesis, which
© 2015: The Royal Instittu
ution of Naval Architects
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210