Trans RINA, Vol 157, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Dec 2015


people felt ashamed about being a business person. So when the Chinese government began to open up the economy in the 1980s, the first wave of entrepreneurs encountered many challenges, often being greeted with suspicion. [15]


It has been suggested that successful entrepreneurs in China currently have an image problem, and that they need to become more involved in charitable work, to help change how they are perceived. This has proved to be an effective approach in the US, where private member clubs engage in philanthropy as a key part of a club's values. Some Chinese company directors are now becoming philanthropists, with CEC member Huang Nubo being just one


of a number of wealthy


entrepreneurs who have made substantial charitable donations.


CEC chairman Liu Chuanzhi commented


"We believe private companies of a certain magnitude, like ours, have the responsibility and obligation to help enable the private sector enjoy healthier development in China". Deng Feng, founder of Northern Light Venture Capital, and some other CEC members have sponsored a private think tank, to look at social and environmental issues such as what can be done about the problem of pollution. [15]


The increase in the number of Chinese mainland investors looking for a solid return on their money by buying and selling second-hand memberships of Hong Kong's private clubs, has resulted in many prices more than doubling over six years, as shown in Table 1. With most of the city's private clubs full, the only way for newcomers to gain entry is to purchase a membership from a departing member. This scarcity keeps the demand and the prices high, in a market that is free from government intervention, unlike the property market, in which non-local or corporate buyers must pay a stamp duty. [16]


In 2011 Beijing took over from Shanghai as the preferred city of residence for Chinese millionaires, with more than 4,000 private clubs catering to the city’s well-heeled entrepreneurs, political elite, and celebrities. The Beijing elite congregate in the following clubs: Changan Club, Capital Club, Americas Club, China


Club. Where


membership fees are up to 2 million yuan ($309,000) [17]. The Beijing Government is currently seeking to ban private clubs located in city parks as part of the latest effort to crack down on hedonism and extravagance among officials. Private clubs using public resources such as pavilions, towers and aisles have been banned across the city's parks, since January 2015. Public anger has been rising against private clubs, which are often illicitly built with public resources, sometimes in historical


private clubs as that


buildings or parks. The guideline defines high-end restaurants, gyms, beauty


parlors, hotels and other entertainment venues built on public resources inside parks. The guideline is Beijing's answer to an October 2014 decree by China's central authority


prohibits private clubs in historical


buildings, parks and other public facilities. [18] This will create a significant market for new private member club venues.


Aberdeen Marina Club (individual): 2008 HK$1.2 million 2014 HK$2.7 million Clearwater Bay Golf and Country Club (corporate): 2008 HK$2.8 million 2014 HK$5.8 million Discovery Bay Golf Club (individual) 2008 HK$2 million 2014 HK$2.9 million Gold Coast Yacht and Country Club (individual): 2008 HK$140,000 2014 HK$280,000


Pacific Club Kowloon (individual): 2008 HK$370,000 2013 HK$520,000 Table 1: Price changes of second-hand memberships of selected private clubs [16]


3. SUSTAINABLE LUXURY


In 2009 sustainability officially entered the luxury professionals’ agenda. The consequences


of development, marketing, such a


dramatic acknowledgement are far-reaching and entail a revision including


of every single dimension of the industry, product


finance,


distribution. This evolution of luxury will redefine the brand identities and brand perceptions. Florian Gonzalez [19] proposed the following guidelines for a more sustainable luxury industry:


•


Design can be eco-driven and not ego-driven. Sustainability shall inspire new co-design and co-creative processes in the name of ‘design activism’ [20]


•


Being carbon neutral is only a first step: actually reducing carbon emissions and making a positive impact is the key objective


• Brands which consistently and constantly improve their sustainability credentials will reinforce customer loyalty and increase their customer base over time.


He proposed that sustainability requires a permanent learning process made of humility, generosity, kindness and sharing of knowledge. In which companies should not be afraid of sharing best


practices and creating


positive externalities. Diana Verde Nieto [21] developed the Positive Luxury website and the Blue Butterfly interactive Trustmark to be a guide for positive living by providing meaningful information to people and reward brands that invest in bettering the state of the world through consumer action. It


every point of the day, such as deciding what restaurant © 2015: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects C-53


is designed to be used at


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