ANALYSIS
that agriculture must be undertaken within a sustainable regime of practices,14 raw materials should be produced sustainably, and business should be done with good intentions.15
Therefore in the
strict sense of these concepts, Toyyibaan influences management styles, human resources policies, business ethics, raw material selection, and manufacturing methods. This means that entering the Islamic market requires a company to take a holistic approach to comply, not just the launch of a new product or brand.
Increasing market internationalisation means that new product choices are available to consumers from companies and service providers which consumers do not know and are yet to trust. Many products utilise animal based product formulations, which may or may not have been slaughtered according to Islamic law (see Table 3). This causes much uneasiness among many Muslims as they feel they are violating Islamic teachings by using such products. In addition, through advances in biotechnology, new ingredients are being formulated into products where Halal status is unknown. It is important to the majority of the Muslim community that some system is in place to assure them that the products they purchase and consume are lawful under Islam.
Forbidden ingredients There are a number of ingredients which Muslims cannot consume in any form, which include: Pork or pork by-products. Animals that are dead or dying prior to slaughter.
Blood and blood by-products. Carnivorous animals. Birds of prey. Land animals without external ears. Alcohol. Animals killed in the name of anything other than Allah (God).
Muslims living as a minority in a non- Islamic society have a number of problems identifying what items are Halal and Haram (forbidden in Islam), without product certification. For example, gelatine, lard and tallow can be either Halal or
non-Halal, depending upon the source and method of processing. Cross contamination is a major problem in stores and particularly restaurants where pork is also served. Therefore from the Muslim consumer standpoint: Products must be produced without any forbidden ingredients.
Products must be proved to be in the 26 PERSONAL CARE April 2012
interests of the consumers’ health and wellbeing.
Products must be clean and hygienic, have supply chain integrity.16
Products must benefit those who produced them.
Products must benefit the community they came from.17
Products and the materials that make up these products must be traceable from the origin, to have total confidence (as shown in Fig. 1).18
An emerging industry of Halal certification
bodies has been created to attempt to verify these issues.
Methods of discovering ‘Haram impurities’ in products are rapidly improving. Now the type of animals raw materials are derived from can be identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which greatly improves the potential for Halal integrity, allowing the development of Halal supply chains and product tracking. The Halal certification process involves: Halal accreditation should be done with an Islamic Association with a good international reputation.
Table 3: Some raw materials that are of concern to Muslim consumers. Albumen
Allantoin Ambergris Amino acids Arachidonic acid Cholesterol
Collagen and elastin Cystine
Ethanol Gelatine Glycerine Hydrolysed
animal protein Keratin
Lactic acid
Lanolin Lard
Lecithin Myristic acid
Tallow, tallow fatty acids and alcohols
Vitamin A
Sometimes used as a coagulating agent and protein in products and usually derived from egg whites.
Sometimes used in creams and lotions as a wound treating agent and derived from uric acid from cows and other mammals.
Used as warm fresh sea-like notes and fixative in some fine fragrances and derived from the intestines of whales
Used as ascetic ingredients (protein builders in nature) in shampoos and sometimes derived from animal sources.
An unsaturated fatty acid used in some skin creams and lotions as an eczema and rash soother and derived from animal livers.
A steroid alcohol found in all animal fats and egg yolks sometimes used in eye creams and shampoos, etc.
Proteins derived from animal tissues.
A sulphur containing amino acid used as a nutritional supplement, in emollients, hair treatment, and anti-aging products, derived from animal sources.
Alcohol which is forbidden to be consumed in Islam. It is widely debated whether alcohol should be allowed in personal care and cosmetic formulations.
Thickener & emulsifier used in shampoos, facemasks, and other cosmetics, derived from cow and pig ligament, skin and bones.
A by-product of soap manufacture used in cosmetics, toothpastes, soaps, ointments, and medicines, of concern when derived from tallow-based soaps.
Sometimes used in shampoos and other hair treatments.
A protein used in shampoos, hair rinses and permanent wave solutions derived from hooves, horns, feathers, and hair of various animals.
Used a preservative in the formation of plasticizers derived by bacterial fermentation of sour milk, etc.
An emollient used in skin care products derived from wool.
Used in shaving creams, soaps, and cosmetics and derived from hog fat.
Used in eye creams, lipsticks, hand lotions, soaps, and shampoos, being derived from either egg yolks or soybeans.
An acid used in shampoos, creams and cosmetics which can be derived from both plants and animals.
Used in cosmetic and personal care formulations as surfactants and usually derived from animal fat.
Used in cosmetics and personal care products and can be derived from both plant and animal sources.
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