46 SKIN CARE D0 D84
Figure 6: Application of emulsion with 4% active visibly brightens the eye area. Representative picture of test subject number 21 at the beginning of the study and after 84 days of treatment. The eye area appears brightened and rejuvenated. Black arrows indicate the lightening effect of the dark regions and reduction of the visibility of capillaries.
rejuvenated after 84 days of treatment. The mechanism behind Slimexir’s mode of action is based on three different approaches (Fig 7). The sophisticated mix of xanthines in X-Melt inhibits maturation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes probably via inhibition of the CCAAT / enhancer binding protein and the peroxisome proliferation active receptor PPARy.5.6
Additionally, it may
be supported by inhibition of the AMPK/MAPK-signalling pathway during the early stage of adipogenesis.7
In this way,
lipogenesis is reduced and less fat is stored in the adipocytes. Furthermore, lipolysis is activated via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway.6
The
Here, we have been able to show that X-Melt and artichoke extract successfully trigger the fragmentation and decomposition of lipid droplets and activate the breakdown of any existing fat.6
postulated mechanism works via phosphodiesterase inhibition and perilipin phosphorylation. Briefly, the decomposition of fat is controlled via the content of the messenger substance cAMP in adipocytes. Under normal conditions, the level of cAMP is kept low as the enzyme phosphodiesterase breaks down the cAMP into AMP, which prevents the activation of this process. An increased cAMP level leads to activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Two PKA phosphorylates, namely perilipin, a protein envelops the fat vacuoles and prevents fat
degradation, and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), an enzyme, degrades triacylglycerols into free fatty acids. Phosphorylation induces two simultaneous effects. Firstly, perilipin changes its spatial structure and becomes a docking station for the activated HSL, leading to fat degradation. Secondly, the fat vacuole fragments into thousands of tiny lipid droplets. The enlarged surface area of the lipid droplets additionally facilitates the ability of HSL to gain access.8-10 The sophisticated mixture of xanthines in X-Melt outperforms the current reference substance, caffeine, in inhibiting lipogenesis and activating lipolysis. Furthermore, the artichoke extract promotes drainage and removal of haemoglobin degradation products via the lymphatic system and at the same time removes fatty acids via vascular system. The accumulation of interstitial fluid (oedema) is significantly reduced (data shown in Noticias de Cosmética y Perfumeria Issue 361, in press May/June). The large levan molecules with many lateral chains form a film on the skin ensuring surface firmness and preventing sagging skin induced by volume reduction. The eye area appears bright and rejuvenated.
PC
References 1. Jacobson KA, Gao ZG. Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2006;5(3):247-64.
2. Boswell-Smith V, Spina D, Page CP.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. British journal of pharmacology. 2006;147 Suppl 1:S252-7.
3. Peluso MR. Flavonoids attenuate cardiovascular disease, inhibit phosphodiesterase, and modulate lipid homeostasis in adipose tissue and liver. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006;231(8):1287-99.
4. Kim KH, Chung CB, Kim YH, Kim KS, Han CS, Kim CH. Cosmeceutical properties of levan produced by Zymomonas mobilis. J Cosmet Sci. 2005;56(6):395-406.
5. Kim HJ, Yoon BK, Park H, Seok JW, Choi H, Yu JH, et al. Caffeine inhibits adipogenesis through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion and the AKT/GSK3 pathway in 3T3- L1adipocytes. BMB Rep. 2016;49(2):111-5.
6. Bänziger S, Obermayer B. Perilipin-A Target for Silhouette Refining. SOFW Journal. 2011(137).
7. Jang YJ, Koo HJ, Sohn EH, Kang SC, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Theobromine inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells during the early stage of adipogenesis via AMPK and MAPK signaling pathways. Food & function. 2015;6(7):2365-74.
8. Lafontan M. Adipose tissue - What’s new? Kosmetische Medizin. 2008;5:246-53.
9. Brasaemle DL. Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis. J Lipid Res. 2007;48(12):2547-59.
10.Marcinkiewicz A, Gauthier D, Garcia A, Brasaemle DL. The phosphorylation of serine 492 of perilipin a directs lipid droplet fragmentation and dispersion. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(17):11901-9.
Figure 7: Slimexir's triple mode of activity. X-Melt reduces lipogenesis and induces the degradation of fat. The artichoke extract stimulates the cutaneous microcirculation and improves removal of the decomposed fat and excessive interstitial fluid, including degradation products of haemoglobin. The high molecular weight levan provides a firming film on the skin. It fights dark circles and swelling in the eye area.
PERSONAL CARE EUROPE November 2018
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