644


Culture, Foodways & Counseling


Portuguese language, 254 in Brazil, 207, 254, 282b ingredient names in, 258b–259b of Latinos, 207, 276, 282b MyPlate guidance in, 271 traditional dishes, beverages, and desserts in, 266b–269b


Posadas celebration, 225, 226b, 571 post-traumatic stress disorder, 495, 496–497 posture, as nonverbal cue, 31 potash


potlatches potlucks


of Alaska Natives, 90 of American Indians, 72b, 75


pottage (potage) in West Africa, 147, 152b, 156b poultry, 12, 14. See also chicken in diet pounded, use of term, 154 powwows, 30, 58, 72b prayer, 540, 541 of African Americans, 129, 200 of Alaska Natives, 84, 85, 90 of Buddhists, 545, 547, 548, 550, 552 Japanese, 414


of Caribbean Hispanics, 284 of Central Americans, 236, 250 of Christians, 559, 560, 561 Eastern Orthodox, 564 Protestant, 564–565 on special occasions, 568, 571 of Ethiopians, 200 of Filipinos, 446, 457 of Hindus, 578, 579, 580, 588 of Japanese, 414 of Jews, and meal schedules, 620, 622 of Kenyans, 170 of Mexican Americans, 230 of Muslims, 593, 602 Pakistani, 364, 367 during Ramadan, 597, 598


of Alaska Natives, 90 of American Indians, 72b, 75


in Kenya, 173 in Nigeria and Ghana, 147, 148, 154, 163, 165


of Hmong, 473 of Jews, 623 of Korean Americans, 433, 435 of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 165 of Pakistanis, 361 of South Americans, 271 of Tai Americans, 488


produce, fresh, access to, 12, 14, 15b promotoras de salud (community health outreach workers), 231


of South Americans, 269 of Tais, 477, 478, 480b of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 499b, 511


protein foods of African Americans, 130, 183 of Alaska Natives, 81, 88 of American Indians, 57, 64b, 67, 69b, 70b, 71b, 75f


of Asian Indians, 336, 342, 345 of Caribbeans, 284, 285, 304b, 309b of Central Americans, 251 of Chinese, 386b, 388b, 390, 397 counseling on, 399 regional variations in, 390


of Christians, 562b, 563 of Ethiopians, 192, 201 of Filipinos, 454, 459 of Hmong, 465, 467b–468b of Japanese, 408b, 412 of Kenyans, 172, 173b, 179 in immigration to US, 183 in soups and stews, 176


Quechua people, 209, 254, 257, 269 questioning methods in motivational interviewing, 46–47 in nutritional assessment, 40, 41b–42b, 44 for American Indians, 73, 73b, 74 on family dynamics, 45–46 open-ended questions in, 38–39 privacy concerns in, 39


quinceañera celebrations, 225, 269, 293


R race, 13, 13b


racism, 13–15, 16, 136 Ramadan practices, 596–598 of African Americans, 134 of Asian Indians, 346 counseling on, 602 of Ethiopians, 198 fasting in, 364, 517, 593, 597f, 597–598, 599–600 of Kenyans, 180 of Pakistanis, 363, 364 physical activity in, 600


of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 229 of Muslims, 596b of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 105, 108, 110, 111


Rastafarianism, 186, 300, 302 in Jamaica, 277, 300, 302, 303 traditional food practices in, 303


Protestantism, 556, 558, 564–566 of African Americans, 130 alcoholic beverages in, 562b, 567 of Arab Americans, 521, 530 of Caribbeans, 277, 282 of Central Americans, 235 counseling strategies for, 573 of Ethiopians, 186 of Filipino Americans, 445 health beliefs in, 559 history of, 564–565 of Kenyans, 169, 170 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 104 observances and holidays in, 566, 567, 568, 569, 571


prechewing food for Alaska Native infants, 91 prediabetes in Hawai’i, 107 pregnancy


of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 114 of Pakistanis, 364, 367 of South Americans, 255 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 506, 508


prejudice, 28, 29, 30 prickly pear cactus, 71 privacy, cultural norms on, 39 processed foods in diet, 24b of African Americans, 132, 161, 181 of Alaska Natives, 81, 82, 89, 90 of American Indians, 72 of Arabs, 529, 532, 535 of Asian Indians, 350 of Buddhists, 550, 553 of Central Americans, 238, 246, 251 of Hmong Americans, 462, 473 of Jews, 609 of Mexican Americans, 227, 229, 231 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 111, 112, 113, 115


of Pakistanis, 365, 367


of Alaska Natives, 84 of Chinese Americans, 382 of Ethiopians, 188, 189, 198 fasting during, 198, 619 of Jews, 619 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 498 yin and yang beliefs on, 382, 498


Puerto Rico, 9, 15, 29, 276, 277, 281 common health concerns in, 215, 236, 283 historical influences on, 279, 282 immigrant population in US from, 214, 279, 282 counseling strategies for, 295–298 current food practices of, 295


language in, 282 religious and spiritual beliefs in, 235, 277 special occasion foods in, 293, 294b traditional food practices in, 284–293, 297 food preparation methods in, 288–289 influences on, 285 meal patterns in, 292


pulses in diet


of Asian Indians, 334, 336, 347 counseling on, 349 regional variations in, 342, 345, 346


Punjab region of India, 331, 342, 362 of Pakistan, 353, 361, 362, 363


Purim, 612, 617 Q


Qatar, 515, 520 qi, in traditional Chinese medicine, 45


of Pakistanis, 355, 356, 363, 365 counseling on, 367 regional variations in, 361 of South Americans, 271


of South Americans, 254


of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 147, 150 of Pakistanis, 356, 358b of Tais, 479, 483b of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 501, 511


Rava (Abba ben Joseph bar Hama), 607 recipes


and body mass index, 43


Reconstructionist Judaism, 606, 618 red palm oil in diet of Kenyans, 183 of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 147, 161, 163, 165 of South Americans, 271


Reform Judaism, 606, 607, 618 refugee population, 9, 10, 42 from Somalia, 170, 199


regalia of American Indians, 58, 72b Reiki, 45, 129, 405 reincarnation


cultural appropriation of, 16, 29 cultural sensitivity in alteration of, 15–16 food history-taking on, 40


religious and spiritual beliefs, 43, 45, 539–543 affecting compliance with nutrition advice, 51 of African Americans, 129–130, 138, 565 from Ethiopia, 200 from Kenya, 170, 182 from Nigeria and Ghana, 143, 162


in Buddhism, 547 in Hinduism, 576, 577, 578, 580, 587


of Alaska Natives, 45, 58 of American Indians, 45, 58, 62, 63, 67b of Arabs, 521, 523, 530, 534 and health beliefs, 523 Judaism in, 346, 608 and special occasion foods, 530, 531b of Asian Indians, 327, 331, 348, 577 and food practices, 335–336, 344, 345–347, 349


traditional health beliefs and practices in, 284


and health beliefs, 348 assessment of, 41b, 42, 43 tools in, 551, 571, 587, 601 in Buddhism, 544–554 of Caribbeans, 277 and health beliefs, 284, 296 Hispanic, 282, 284, 296 Judaism in, 300, 319b non-Hispanic, 300, 316 and special occasion foods, 316, 317b–319b


of Chinese, 373, 378, 394, 395 in Christianity, 556–574 common elements of, 540 in East Asia, 373 Eastern, 541 of Ethiopians, 186, 200, 608 fasting days in, 192, 193, 198 Judaism in, 608 special occasion foods in, 198


of Central Americans, 235 and health beliefs, 236, 250 and special occasion foods, 247–248, 248b


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238  |  Page 239  |  Page 240  |  Page 241  |  Page 242  |  Page 243  |  Page 244  |  Page 245  |  Page 246  |  Page 247  |  Page 248  |  Page 249  |  Page 250  |  Page 251  |  Page 252  |  Page 253  |  Page 254  |  Page 255  |  Page 256  |  Page 257  |  Page 258  |  Page 259  |  Page 260  |  Page 261  |  Page 262  |  Page 263  |  Page 264  |  Page 265  |  Page 266  |  Page 267  |  Page 268  |  Page 269  |  Page 270  |  Page 271  |  Page 272  |  Page 273  |  Page 274  |  Page 275  |  Page 276  |  Page 277  |  Page 278  |  Page 279  |  Page 280  |  Page 281  |  Page 282  |  Page 283  |  Page 284  |  Page 285  |  Page 286  |  Page 287  |  Page 288  |  Page 289  |  Page 290  |  Page 291  |  Page 292  |  Page 293  |  Page 294  |  Page 295  |  Page 296  |  Page 297  |  Page 298  |  Page 299  |  Page 300  |  Page 301  |  Page 302  |  Page 303  |  Page 304  |  Page 305  |  Page 306  |  Page 307  |  Page 308  |  Page 309  |  Page 310  |  Page 311  |  Page 312  |  Page 313  |  Page 314  |  Page 315  |  Page 316  |  Page 317  |  Page 318  |  Page 319  |  Page 320  |  Page 321  |  Page 322  |  Page 323  |  Page 324  |  Page 325  |  Page 326  |  Page 327  |  Page 328  |  Page 329  |  Page 330  |  Page 331  |  Page 332  |  Page 333  |  Page 334  |  Page 335  |  Page 336  |  Page 337  |  Page 338  |  Page 339  |  Page 340  |  Page 341  |  Page 342  |  Page 343  |  Page 344  |  Page 345  |  Page 346  |  Page 347  |  Page 348  |  Page 349  |  Page 350  |  Page 351  |  Page 352  |  Page 353  |  Page 354  |  Page 355  |  Page 356  |  Page 357  |  Page 358  |  Page 359  |  Page 360  |  Page 361  |  Page 362  |  Page 363  |  Page 364  |  Page 365  |  Page 366  |  Page 367  |  Page 368  |  Page 369  |  Page 370  |  Page 371  |  Page 372  |  Page 373  |  Page 374  |  Page 375  |  Page 376  |  Page 377  |  Page 378  |  Page 379  |  Page 380  |  Page 381  |  Page 382  |  Page 383  |  Page 384  |  Page 385  |  Page 386  |  Page 387  |  Page 388  |  Page 389  |  Page 390  |  Page 391  |  Page 392  |  Page 393  |  Page 394  |  Page 395  |  Page 396  |  Page 397  |  Page 398  |  Page 399  |  Page 400  |  Page 401  |  Page 402  |  Page 403  |  Page 404  |  Page 405  |  Page 406  |  Page 407  |  Page 408  |  Page 409  |  Page 410  |  Page 411  |  Page 412  |  Page 413  |  Page 414  |  Page 415  |  Page 416  |  Page 417  |  Page 418  |  Page 419  |  Page 420  |  Page 421  |  Page 422  |  Page 423  |  Page 424  |  Page 425  |  Page 426  |  Page 427  |  Page 428  |  Page 429  |  Page 430  |  Page 431  |  Page 432  |  Page 433  |  Page 434  |  Page 435  |  Page 436  |  Page 437  |  Page 438  |  Page 439  |  Page 440  |  Page 441  |  Page 442  |  Page 443  |  Page 444  |  Page 445  |  Page 446  |  Page 447  |  Page 448  |  Page 449  |  Page 450  |  Page 451  |  Page 452  |  Page 453  |  Page 454  |  Page 455  |  Page 456  |  Page 457  |  Page 458  |  Page 459  |  Page 460  |  Page 461  |  Page 462  |  Page 463  |  Page 464  |  Page 465  |  Page 466  |  Page 467  |  Page 468  |  Page 469  |  Page 470  |  Page 471  |  Page 472  |  Page 473  |  Page 474  |  Page 475  |  Page 476  |  Page 477  |  Page 478  |  Page 479  |  Page 480  |  Page 481  |  Page 482  |  Page 483  |  Page 484  |  Page 485  |  Page 486  |  Page 487  |  Page 488  |  Page 489  |  Page 490  |  Page 491  |  Page 492  |  Page 493  |  Page 494  |  Page 495  |  Page 496  |  Page 497  |  Page 498  |  Page 499  |  Page 500  |  Page 501  |  Page 502  |  Page 503  |  Page 504  |  Page 505  |  Page 506  |  Page 507  |  Page 508  |  Page 509  |  Page 510  |  Page 511  |  Page 512  |  Page 513  |  Page 514  |  Page 515  |  Page 516  |  Page 517  |  Page 518  |  Page 519  |  Page 520  |  Page 521  |  Page 522  |  Page 523  |  Page 524  |  Page 525  |  Page 526  |  Page 527  |  Page 528  |  Page 529  |  Page 530  |  Page 531  |  Page 532  |  Page 533  |  Page 534  |  Page 535  |  Page 536  |  Page 537  |  Page 538  |  Page 539  |  Page 540  |  Page 541  |  Page 542  |  Page 543  |  Page 544  |  Page 545  |  Page 546  |  Page 547  |  Page 548  |  Page 549  |  Page 550  |  Page 551  |  Page 552  |  Page 553  |  Page 554  |  Page 555  |  Page 556  |  Page 557  |  Page 558  |  Page 559  |  Page 560  |  Page 561  |  Page 562  |  Page 563  |  Page 564  |  Page 565  |  Page 566  |  Page 567  |  Page 568  |  Page 569  |  Page 570  |  Page 571  |  Page 572  |  Page 573  |  Page 574  |  Page 575  |  Page 576  |  Page 577  |  Page 578  |  Page 579  |  Page 580  |  Page 581  |  Page 582  |  Page 583  |  Page 584  |  Page 585  |  Page 586  |  Page 587  |  Page 588  |  Page 589  |  Page 590  |  Page 591  |  Page 592  |  Page 593  |  Page 594  |  Page 595  |  Page 596  |  Page 597  |  Page 598  |  Page 599  |  Page 600  |  Page 601  |  Page 602  |  Page 603  |  Page 604  |  Page 605  |  Page 606  |  Page 607  |  Page 608  |  Page 609  |  Page 610  |  Page 611  |  Page 612  |  Page 613  |  Page 614  |  Page 615  |  Page 616  |  Page 617  |  Page 618  |  Page 619  |  Page 620  |  Page 621  |  Page 622  |  Page 623  |  Page 624  |  Page 625  |  Page 626  |  Page 627  |  Page 628  |  Page 629  |  Page 630  |  Page 631  |  Page 632  |  Page 633  |  Page 634  |  Page 635  |  Page 636  |  Page 637  |  Page 638  |  Page 639  |  Page 640  |  Page 641  |  Page 642  |  Page 643  |  Page 644  |  Page 645  |  Page 646  |  Page 647  |  Page 648  |  Page 649  |  Page 650  |  Page 651  |  Page 652  |  Page 653  |  Page 654  |  Page 655  |  Page 656  |  Page 657  |  Page 658  |  Page 659  |  Page 660  |  Page 661  |  Page 662  |  Page 663  |  Page 664  |  Page 665  |  Page 666  |  Page 667  |  Page 668