Many islands in Oceania are in the Pacific Ring of Fire,
which is a volcanic chain that extends from New Zealand up to Japan, across to North America and down to the southern tip of South America.
Geography Within the Pacific Ocean, which covers 62.5 million square miles (about one-third of the Earth’s surface), lies the region of Oceania with a land area of about 3.5 million square miles, mostly south of the equator in the Southern Hemisphere. Te 10,000 islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia in Oceania make up a total land area of only about 317,700 square miles (excluding Australia but includ- ing New Zealand and Papua New Guinea).1
Australia, the
smallest of the world’s continents, has a land mass of nearly 3 million square miles.2 Te islands of Oceania are spread across thousands of miles of ocean. For example, the Hawaiian Islands are
located north of the equator in the northernmost point of Polynesia, and the islands of New Zealand are about 4,500 miles away in the southwestern part of Polynesia. Guam is about 3,800 miles west of Honolulu, HI, a distance that would span the contiguous US.
Natural Environment and Resources Te geology and ecology of the Pacific Islands are diverse. Te volcanic Ring of Fire created islands with high peaks and elevation and fringing reefs. Strings of small low-lying islets called atolls formed on coral reefs around the rims of submerged former volcanoes, and coral limestone islands rose up from the reefs of former volcanos.3 Except for New Zealand, the climate of the Pacific
Islands is tropical or subtropical, which affects agriculture and, as a result, local food production. Some Pacific Islands are thick with vegetation and fertile soil; some are mostly dry or built on coral limestone.