628


Culture, Foodways & Counseling


of Asian Indians, 333–334, 348, 547 food as medicine in, 334 of Hindus, 577, 579, 580–581, 581b, 582, 584, 588


Azad Jammu region of Pakistan, 353, 362 Aztecs, 208, 209, 214, 218


B


baadi foods, 355 Bahamas, 276 Baháʼí, 517, 541 Bahrain, 515, 516, 520, 594 balance concept in health beliefs of Buddhists, 373, 548, 549, 550 of Chinese, 381–382, 398, 399 of Filipinos, 446–448, 458, 459 of Hindus, 580, 581, 584, 589 of Hmong, 470 hot and cold in.See hot-cold theory of health and diet


of Pakistanis, 355, 366


Bermuda, 299 beverages of African Americans, 131b, 139, 161, 183 of Alaska Natives, 81, 90, 90b, 91, 93 of American Indians, 69b, 70b, 71b of Arabs, 528b, 530 of Asian Indians, 334, 335, 341b in fasting practices, 346 in immigration to US, 347 regional differences in, 342, 345


of Koreans, 422 of Muslims, 595 of Pakistanis, 355 of Tais, 478, 491 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 497, 498


Baloch cuisine of Pakistan, 362 Baluchistan region of Pakistan, 353, 362 Bangladesh, 325, 331, 352 geography of, 326 historical perspectives and influences on, 327 immigrant population in US from, 328, 331, 354 language in, 327 natural environment and resources of, 326 religious and spiritual beliefs in, 327, 577 Bantu people of Kenya, 169 baptism, 557 Baptists, 560, 565, 567 Barbados, 276 barbecue foods of African Americans, 132, 133, 134, 135 of Chinese, 383, 390, 392b of Koreans, 427, 428b of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 109 of Pakistanis, 361 bar mitzvahs, 614 bat mitzvahs, 614 beans in diet of African Americans, 130, 132, 133, 162, 165 of American Indians, 57, 64, 64b, 67, 71, 72 of Arabs, 524, 524b, 526 of Asian Indians, 334, 337b of Caribbean Hispanics, 284, 285, 288–289, 297 of Central Americans, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 251


of Chinese, 384b–385b, 389 of Ethiopians, 192 of Japanese, 406, 407b, 417 of Koreans, 423b of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 214, 218, 219, 219b, 229, 231


of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 105, 111


of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 147, 148, 162, 163, 165


beans in three sisters gardening, 57, 67, 67f, 214 beef in diet of African Americans, 133 of American Indians, 64b of Koreans, 422 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 105, 109, 111


Belize, 206, 234, 240, 299 common health concerns in, 235 special occasion foods in, 248b


stereotypes on, 29


of South Americans, 257 of Tais, 480b of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 499b


yin and yang in.See yin and yang beliefs


of Central Americans, 238, 241, 242, 245, 250 of Chinese, 391, 393b, 399 regional variations in, 383, 384 in traditional Chinese medicine, 382 of Ethiopians, 192, 196, 197b, 198 of Filipinos, 453b, 454 of Hmong, 468, 469b, 470, 473 of Japanese, 406, 410b of Kenyans, 178b, 179, 183 of Koreans, 426b, 427, 428b, 429, 433 of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 223b–224b, 229, 231


of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 159b, 161 of Pakistanis, 356, 357, 360b, 363 in immigration to US, 365, 367


Bhutan, 325, 331 geography of, 326 historical perspectives and influences on, 327, 328


biases, 10, 16–17 on African Americans, 128, 137 as communication barrier, 27, 28, 30 definition of, 16b explicit, 16b, 16–17, 30, 114 implicit, 16b, 16–17, 30, 114, 137 language free of, 30 on Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 114 in racism, 13 self-assessment of, 3, 8, 17, 17b, 29, 38b stereotypes in, 16, 17, 29, 30 bibimbap dish of Koreans, 422, 427 Bible, 557, 560 dietary practices based on, 560–561, 565 health beliefs based on, 558, 559 Hebrew, 605


biofeedback, 45 birch trees, as medicinal plants, 85 bird’s eye chili peppers in Tailand, 478, 479–480 biryani, 23, 342, 356 bison in American Indian diet, 63, 64 Black Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa as, 121, 122 Black population in US, 123, 127.See also African Americans blood pressure biases affecting management of, 17 elevated. See hypertension


bicultural people, code switching by, 10 bile (bilis) belief, 236, 284 biocultural issues, 21–25 as determinants of food behavior, 22f, 22–23


immigrant population in US from, 328, 354 religious and spiritual beliefs in, 327


of South Americans, 258, 267b–268b of Tais, 480, 483b–484b, 491 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 501, 503b


of Caribbeans Hispanic, 290b–291b, 297 non-Hispanic, 312b–313b


Bolivia, 206, 253 languages in, 254 popular foods in, 261b religious and spiritual beliefs in, 209 traditional food practices in, 257


of Korean Americans, 421 of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, 445 of Pakistanis, 354


botulism, 93 Boxing Day in Kenya, 180 Brazil, 206, 207, 253 history of enslavement in, 122, 209, 257 immigrant population in US from, 254 languages in, 207, 254, 282b popular foods in, 261b religious and spiritual beliefs in, 209, 235, 254 special occasion foods in, 265 traditional food practices in, 257


Brazilian Diabetes Society, 212 breadfruit, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115 breads


breakfast foods of African Americans, 137, 161, 181 of Arabs, 530 of Asian Indians, 334, 345 of Caribbean Hispanics, 291, 292 of Central Americans, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246


of Asian Indians, 340b, 342, 345 of Caribbean Hispanics, 285b, 297 of Central Americans, 238, 240 of Ethiopians, 192, 193 of Filipinos, 454 of Hmong, 473 of Japanese, 407b of Kenyans, 178b of Koreans, 423b of Pakistanis, 356, 360b


breastfeeding by Alaska Natives, 81, 91 by Chinese Americans, 382 by Hmong, 470 by Tais, 478


blueberries, as food and medicine for Alaska Natives, 84, 89


bodhisattvas in Buddhism, 547, 548 body image, 43, 48, 138, 171 body language. See nonverbal communication body mass index of Arab Americans, 522 of Asian Indians, 332, 333 of Chinese Americans, 379, 380 ethnic and racial differences in, 43, 379, 380, 404, 421, 446, 463


of Filipino Americans, 445–446 of Hmong, 462, 463 of Japanese, 404


Buddhism, 394, 544–554, 558 of Asian Indians, 331, 334, 335, 336 of Caribbeans, 300 celebrations and festivals in, 550, 551b of Japanese, 413, 414–415 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 506, 508


Enlightenment of, 544 philosophy of, 545, 546 sacred texts of, 546, 547


of Chinese, 389, 392b, 393, 396 of Ethiopians, 196 of Filipinos, 452b–453b, 454, 456, 457 of Hmong, 470 of Japanese, 412 of Jews on Shabbat, 613b of Kenyans, 172, 179, 181 of Koreans, 429, 432 of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 224 of Nigerians and Ghanaians, 147, 161 of Pakistanis, 362, 363 of South Americans, 260 of Tais, 485 of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, 505, 506


Brillat-Savarin, Jean-Anthelme, 1 Brunei, 439 Buddha


of Chinese, 373, 378, 394, 395 counseling strategies in, 416, 551–554 as derived from Hinduism, 576 in East Asia, 373 as Eastern religion, 541 fasting in, 550, 553 of Filipinos, 445 Five Contemplations in, 549 Five Prohibitory/Ethical Precepts in, 546 food donations to monastic community in, 550 Four Noble Truths in, 544, 545b, 546, 548, 553 global population of followers, 545


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